The Complete Aroid Substrate Guide: Match Mix to Roots

Stop chasing the perfect mix. Start building a responsive one.

You finally got your hands on that rare Philodendron. You gave it your best chunky “aroid mix.” At first, it looked fine. Then new leaves slowed down. Roots started to brown. The plant stalled out or died.

Chances are, the problem wasn’t your light, humidity, or pot — it was the substrate.

Most aroids don’t grow in dense soil. They sprawl across rainforest floors, climb bark, or root in floodplains — yet growers treat them all the same. That shortcut kills slowly,

Here’s what's important: Aroids evolved wildly different root systems for wildly different environments. And your mix has to match that.

Starting with structure: this Anthurium crystallinum is ready for a root-friendly mix that prioritizes airflow, texture, and adaptability.

In this guide, you’ll learn how to:

1. Rethink what makes a “good” aroid mix

2. Use root traits to guide your substrate design

3. Adapt your mix to your plant’s growth habit

4. Make your mix do more than just drain water

5. Tweak your substrate for pot type and environment

6. Know when your mix is silently failing

7. Mix the right substrate for each growth form

8. Compare substrate needs across popular genera

9. Get answers to common aroid substrate questions

10. Build a long-term substrate strategy for lasting plant health

11. Get fluent in root and mix terminology

12. Dive deeper with science-backed references

    
    

Whether you're growing Anthurium veitchii, Philodendron gloriosum, Alocasia zebrina, or Colocasia esculenta — this is your root-first strategy for better plant health.

All great aroid care starts below the surface.

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1. The 3 Golden Rules of Aroid Substrate Design

Before we talk ingredients or ratios, understand these three principles. They apply to every species and every setup.

➜ Airflow matters more than drainage

Most aroid roots don’t die from overwatering — they die from lack of oxygen. A dense or compacted mix holds moisture too long and cuts off airflow. Even “well-draining” mixes can suffocate roots if they collapse over time.

➜ Root traits determine what works

Velamen-covered roots need fast drying and surface grip. Rhizomes need a loose top layer. Dense feeder systems need biological activity. There is no universal recipe — only root-specific strategies.

➜ Observation beats recipes

The same substrate behaves differently in different homes. Factors like pot size, airflow, humidity, and watering frequency all affect how long a mix stays breathable. Observation — not online recipes — tells you when to adjust.

💡Think of your substrate as a living system, not a static formula. It needs to evolve as your plant grows and your conditions change.

📌 Want to understand what makes aroids tick? Read our full guide on how these rainforest rebels grow and root:

www.foliage-factory.com

Aroids: The Fabulous Arum Family - Everything you need to know

Aroids: Comprehensive Guide to the Arum Family - Habitat, Morphology & Cultivation

Velamen-covered roots up close — these fine hairs and fresh tips signal active growth and the need for an airy, breathable substrate.

2. Understanding Aroid Roots — What’s Underground Matters

Even healthy leaves can hide root stress — matching your mix to root function is non-negotiable. That’s why substrate design has to begin with one principle:

📌 Root structure determines what works.

Aroids aren’t just foliage plants. Their roots evolved to solve different challenges: anchoring into bark, surviving flooding, crawling along soil, or breathing in saturated rainforest litter. Ramachandran et al. (2025) provide a detailed synthesis of how diverse root architectures across plant lineages, including Araceae, drive functional adaptation to these contrasting environments. Your mix should reflect that. Your mix should reflect that.

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The Main Aroid Root Types

Root Type	Where It Forms	Primary Function	Substrate Needs
Basal roots	Base of stem or corm	Anchorage, nutrient and water uptake	Moderate moisture, stable structure, consistent oxygen
Adventitious roots	Nodes, stems, internodes	Climbing, anchoring, exploration	High aeration, coarse texture, surface grip
Aerial roots	Above-ground, often velamen-covered	Gas exchange, attachment, occasional absorption; morphology and function can shift with humidity levels (Sheeran & Rasmussen 2023)	Bark-heavy, fast-drying, low organic fines
Rhizome roots	From horizontal stems (rhizomes)	Nutrient absorption, propagation	Loose top layer, shallow porosity, never sealed or soggy
Feeder-dense roots	Fine, fibrous, highly branched	High-capacity nutrient uptake	Moisture-retentive but breathable, biologically active
Aerenchyma roots	From swamp-adapted plants	Oxygen transport in low-oxygen environments	Moist but not stagnant, needs drainage and breathability in pots

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What the Research Shows

Studies across multiple genera confirm that oxygen and porosity matter more than drainage alone.

• Marino et al. (2022): Substrate density increases as small as 0.2 g/cm³ led to major reductions in Philodendron root growth.

• McCready et al. (2020): In Anthurium and Alocasia seedlings, aeration had more impact than pot size — even with ideal moisture and light.

• Ames & Lux (2022): Velamen-covered roots are highly sensitive to substrate texture, favoring bark-rich, fast-drying media.

💡 Good aroid mixes aren’t just about water flow — they’re about airflow. Bautista Bello et al. (2025) highlight how climbing aroids exhibit diverse root adaptation strategies even within the same genus, underlining the need to tailor substrates to growth form rather than taxonomy. Daawia et al. (2024) confirm that underground storage structures in corm-forming species demand stage-specific adjustments to aeration and moisture management.

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Quick Guide: Matching Root Traits to Mix Priorities

Root Trait	Substrate Strategy
No velamen	Evenly moist, porous mix; avoid crusting or soggy surface
Velamen present	Fast-drying, airy mix with bark or charcoal; minimal peat or fines; consider humidity-driven morphology changes (Sheeran & Rasmussen 2023) when adjusting surface texture and moisture retention
Rhizomatous growth	Loose, breathable top layer; never bury the rhizome
Adventitious roots	Coarse structure with grip; promotes climbing and surface anchoring
Feeder-dense systems	Rich in compost, worm castings, or leaf mold; must still be aerated
Aerenchyma-rich roots	Moisture-retentive but breathable; even wet-tolerant roots need air

📌 Takeaway: One plant’s perfect mix can rot another. Know your root type before you blend.

For corm-forming aroids like Alocasia, substrate must support shallow anchoring and moisture without trapping soggy zones.

3. Growth Habits Define Substrate Needs — One Mix Doesn’t Fit All

Two Anthuriums. Same genus. One clings to bark five meters up a tree. The other pushes upright from the forest floor.

Their roots — and their substrate needs — couldn’t be more different.

That’s why this guide doesn’t group aroids by genus, but by how they grow. The way a plant lives in the wild — creeping, climbing, upright, or swamp-bound — tells you far more about what its roots need.

➜ Aroid Growth Types at a Glance

Creeping Terrestrial

• Examples: Philodendron gloriosum, P. mamei

• Grows from horizontal rhizomes that rest on or just below the surface.

• No velamen. Extremely sensitive to compaction.

• Needs a soft, airy top layer that retains moisture without sealing shut.

Climbing Hemiepiphyte

• Examples: Monstera deliciosa, Syngonium podophyllum

• Starts in soil and climbs over time.

• Develops velamen roots later.

• Requires a bark-heavy, structured mix that supports both grounded and aerial roots.

Upright Terrestrial

• Examples: Dieffenbachia seguine, Spathiphyllum wallisii, Anthurium regale

• Grows from a central crown with fibrous or fleshy roots.

• Prefers moderate moisture retention, stable structure, and a biologically active mix.

Epiphyte or Lithophyte

• Examples: Anthurium veitchii, Rhaphidophora hayi

• Never grows in true soil.

• Velamen-covered roots demand fast-drying, loose, bark-based mixes with minimal fines or organics.

Semi-Aquatic Species

• Examples: Colocasia esculenta, Cyrtosperma johnstonii

• Adapted to seasonal flooding via internal aerenchyma. In pots, still needs breathable, structured substrate — moist but never stagnant.

Mixed or Variable Form

• Examples: Amydrium medium, Philodendron camposportoanum

• Growth form shifts with age — often creeping or upright at first, then climbing. Needs an adaptable substrate that evolves as the plant matures.

📌 These six growth habits are more reliable than genus when choosing a mix. Even within a single genus, species may have radically different substrate needs.

Aerial roots need structure to grip — bark-heavy mixes and rough supports mimic their natural climbing environment.

4. Function Before Ingredients — What Every Aroid Mix Must Do

A potting mix is an engineered environment. For aroids, a good mix must support six critical root functions — and most failures come from neglecting at least one.

➜ The Six Core Functions of a Healthy Substrate

Function	Why It Matters	Especially Needed By
Aeration	Keeps roots oxygenated; prevents hypoxia and root rot	Epiphytes, velamen-rooted species
Drainage	Removes excess water and salt buildup	Hemiepiphytes, appressed climbers
Moisture balance	Keeps hydration consistent without saturation or drying out	Creeping terrestrials, upright growers
Structure	Physically supports roots; prevents collapse as mix decomposes	Climbing, top-heavy, or large aroids
Biological activity	Hosts beneficial microbes and fungi that support root development	Feeder-dense species, terrestrial growers
Microbial synergy	Unlocks nutrients, suppresses pathogens, and boosts resilience in the root zone	Dense, fine-rooted and biologically active systems

📌 If your mix fails to do any of the above, the plant may struggle — no matter how often or carefully you water.

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➜ Common Failures and What Causes Them

Mistake	What Happens	Why It’s a Problem
✗ Too fine / peat-heavy	Mix compacts, loses air space, stays wet too long	Root rot, fungus gnats, anaerobic decay
✗ Too chunky	Dries out too fast, especially in low humidity setups	Roots stall, toppling, poor nutrient uptake
✗ No structural support	Mix collapses as organics decompose	Roots lose grip, plant leans or shifts
✗ Excess compost without air	Creates stagnant zones and microbial imbalance	Sour smell, pH swings, pathogens
✗ Overloaded with LECA/perlite	Still fails if the base mix is fine and wet	Aeration is superficial, not systemic

💡 Airy bits won’t save a suffocating base — breathability must run through every layer.

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➜ Function First — Then Choose Components

Instead of starting with what’s in the bag, reverse-engineer your mix based on what your plant’s roots actually need.

➜ Start by identifying root traits

➜ Determine which functions the substrate must perform

➜ Select materials that fulfill those needs (bark, compost, pumice, etc.)

📌 Not sure which ingredients to use?

Here’s our full breakdown of houseplant substrate components and how to mix them right:

www.foliage-factory.com

The Ultimate Guide to Houseplant Substrates Foliage Factory

Discover the best substrates for houseplants. Learn about organic and inorganic options, mixing tips, and plant-specific recommendations.

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➜ Substrate pH and EC — The Hidden Variables

Aroid roots don’t just need airflow and structure — they need the right chemical environment. If the pH drifts too high or too low, nutrient uptake stalls.

• Ideal pH: 5.5–6.5 (slightly acidic to neutral)

• High pH (>7): Iron, manganese, and phosphorus get locked out

• Low pH (<5): Risk of toxicities, poor microbial activity EC (electrical conductivity) tells you how salty your mix is.

High EC = salt stress.

Avoid over-fertilizing in poorly buffered mixes like coco coir without compost.

💡Tip: A neutral to mildly acidic mix with compost or castings buffers pH and feeds microbes — keeping everything balanced for root uptake.

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➜ Bonus: Mixing for Cuttings & Propagation

Cuttings don’t need the same substrate as mature plants. Early root development depends more on oxygen than nutrition.

Propagation Mix Basics (by volume):

• 40% perlite or pumice — keeps the mix light and airy

• 30% fine bark or coco chips — helps anchor nodes without compaction

• 20% coir — holds enough moisture for rooting

• 10% worm castings or compost — optional, very mild feeding

💡 Tips:

• For water-propagated cuttings, transition to this mix only once root tips reach 2–3 cm.

• Keep humidity high, but avoid sealed environments that lead to rot.

• Avoid feeding aggressively until new leaves appear.

New roots pushing beyond compacted zones — a clear signal it’s time to reassess substrate structure and breathability.

5. Root Traits and What They Tell You About Substrate Design

How to Build a Mix That Works in Your Space

A substrate that performs well in one home can fail in another. The pot you use, the room it’s in, how often you water — all of these shape how long a mix stays breathable.

This section helps you customize a blend that suits your actual conditions — not just your plant’s roots.

➜ Five Questions to Ask Before Mixing Anything

1. What is the plant’s natural growth habit?

➜ Creeper? Climber? Upright? Semi-aquatic?

Each one demands different airflow, retention, and surface texture.

2. What kind of root system does it have?

➜ Velamen roots = fast-drying and airy.

➜ Rhizomes = loose top layer.

➜ Feeder roots = structured, microbe-rich.

3. Container Type and Its Impact on Substrate Performance

A. Container Material

Material	Water Behavior	Effect on Substrate
Terracotta	Porous; absorbs and wicks moisture through the walls	Substrate dries out faster, especially near edges; requires higher moisture retention
Plastic	Non-porous; retains water inside	Substrate stays moist longer; needs added aeration (e.g. more bark or perlite)
Glazed Ceramic	Non-porous; traps water like plastic, often with poor drainage	Risk of stagnation if no drainage holes; use airy, fast-draining mix
Metal	Conducts temperature; non-porous	Can cause substrate temperature swings; poor insulation and drainage risks
Fabric (grow bag)	Highly breathable; allows evaporation from all sides	Fastest drying; excellent aeration, but may require more frequent watering

B. Container Shape

Shape	Drying Pattern	Risk / Recommendation
Tall & narrow	Moisture settles near the base; slow drying at the bottom	Risk of soggy lower zones; add more drainage and structure (e.g. pumice at base)
Shallow tray	Dries from top down; edges dry faster than center	Crusting, uneven moisture; use chunkier surface layer or water more frequently
Wide & flat	Exposes large surface area; faster top drying	Good for creeping plants; monitor edge desiccation
Tapered pot	Narrows at the base; root space restricted	Mix may compact over time; avoid dense organics at the bottom
Straight-sided	Even moisture distribution top to bottom	Ideal for uniform substrate behavior

4. How fast does your mix dry in your home?

➜ Warm, dry rooms = faster drying

➜ Cool, still air = slower drying

➜ High humidity = mix may stay wet longer than expected

5. How often do you actually water?

➜ Daily checkers can use moisture-retentive blends

➜ Infrequent waterers need barkier, faster-drying mixes to avoid overwatering

💡 Your watering habit is one of the biggest drivers of success — more than the label on the substrate bag.

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➜ Adjusting the Mix to Fit Your Conditions

If you have...	Adjust your mix by...
Very dry indoor air	Add more coir, compost, or fine bark to retain moisture
High humidity	Increase bark, perlite, or pumice to reduce water retention
Terracotta pots	Add moisture-holding components (coir, compost)
Shallow trays or bowls	Go chunkier to prevent compaction and surface drying
You water infrequently	Build in more bark and drainage — avoid slow-drying bases
You water often	Use slightly more compost or coir — but ensure top still dries

It’s not just the substrate — it’s what’s around it. Even a bark-heavy mix can stay wet for days in a still, humid room. Stagnant air slows evaporation, flattens moisture gradients, and increases the risk of compaction.

Want your mix to dry evenly? Improve room-level airflow. Even a small desk fan or open window can restore natural drying rhythms and help keep your substrate balanced.

📌 Substrate behavior isn’t static — it changes based on your space, your routine, and even your seasons. Watch how it dries. That’s your signal to adjust.

Building a responsive mix starts with intentional ingredients — here, a blend is tailored to support long-term root health.

6. When to Refresh, Replace, or Rebuild Your Substrate

Even the best-built mix won’t last forever. Organic components break down, airflow drops, and the structure that once supported healthy roots starts to collapse.

Just because the plant looks “fine” above ground doesn’t mean the root zone is still working.

➜ Typical Lifespan of Common Substrate Materials

Component	Breakdown Time	What Happens as It Ages
Fine bark	18–24 months	Loses structure, compacts, reduces airflow
Coco coir	12–18 months	Holds more water, collapses under pressure
Compost / leaf mold	6–12 months	Decomposes fastest, prone to anaerobic conditions
Perlite / pumice	5+ years	Inert; structural role only; can be crushed if mishandled
Akadama (hard-fired)	2–5 years	Holds porosity longer; still breaks down slowly
Horticultural charcoal	5–10 years	Inert; may accumulate salt; does not contribute to collapse

📌 Mixes become more compact and less breathable over time — even if they still “drain.” Airflow is the first thing to go.

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➜ When to Refresh or Top-Up

Situation	What To Do
Top layer feels dense, crusty, or sealed	Loosen or replace top 2–5 cm
Roots escape the pot surface	Check for mix collapse or compaction inside
Mix stays wetter than it used to	Open the structure; add bark or pumice
Smell turns sour or earthy	Consider full repot — anaerobic decay has likely begun
Plant has stalled despite healthy care	Roots may be oxygen-starved — refresh and observe

💡 A mix that worked 12 months ago may be working against your plant today. Aging isn’t always visible — but root performance tells the truth.

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➜ Repotting Frequency Guidelines

Plant Type	Suggested Refresh Interval
Creeping terrestrials	Every 12–15 months; top layer critical
Fast growers (Syngonium, Scindapsus)	Every 12 months or less
Epiphytes in bark-heavy mixes	Every 18–24 months
Semi-hydro / inert blends	24+ months (if roots stay healthy)

❗Don’t wait for a problem to appear. A proactive refresh keeps root zones breathable, prevents hidden stress buildup, and helps your plant grow without interruption.

📌 Need a refresher on how and when to repot safely?

Follow this guide to repotting houseplants correctly.

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➜ Troubleshooting: When a “Good” Mix Still Fails

Even a well-designed substrate can underperform if it isn’t aligned with your environment, watering habits, or the plant’s root type. When aroids decline, the substrate is often the silent culprit — compacted, waterlogged, or drying too unevenly.

This section helps you diagnose the problem based on real symptoms — and fix it before root damage sets in.

Problem	Likely Cause	What To Do
Mix dries out too fast	Too much bark, perlite, or scoria	Add coir or compost to retain more moisture; reduce coarse elements slightly
Mix stays soggy or heavy	Too much peat or fine coir; poor structure	Add bark, pumice, or perlite; reduce fines; ensure mix feels springy, not spongy
Roots aren’t developing	Low oxygen or nutrient depletion	Open the structure; add worm castings or compost; reassess watering schedule
Fungus gnats or sour smell	Anaerobic zones or decomposing organics	Let top layer dry fully between waterings; top-dress with bark to increase surface airflow
Yellowing leaves but roots look healthy	Nutrient imbalance or low porosity	Check porosity; apply slow-release fertilizer or fresh worm castings
Mix drains instantly but stays wet inside	Compaction or collapsed layers	Rebuild with varied particle sizes; break up top layer manually
Top layer crusts over quickly	Fine particles migrating upward	Use bark-based or gravel top-dressing; gently loosen surface weekly
Water runs off surface but bark stays dry	Hydrophobic bark – older bark has waxy, water-repelling surface	Soak bark for 12–24 h before use. For potted plants, apply slow top watering or use a surfactant (e.g. yucca extract). Re-wet thoroughly after dry periods
Growth stalls despite “healthy” appearance	Substrate aging or microbial imbalance	Refresh the mix or replace the top layer; add active components like worm castings or leaf mold
Roots circling or escaping the pot	Substrate breakdown or root-binding	Unpot and assess root health; refresh mix; trim or divide plant as needed

❗ Note: Hydrophobic bark is one of the most common causes of invisible under-watering in bark-based mixes, especially with epiphytic aroids like Anthurium veitchii or Monstera adansonii.

💡 A healthy mix should:

✓ Drain within 10–30 seconds

✓ Feel springy when squeezed, not muddy or dense

✓ Dry slightly at the surface within 48–72 hours

If your substrate fails any of these, it’s time to intervene.

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➜ Bonus: The 3-Layer Rule of Thumb

Aroids respond best when the top, middle, and bottom layers of your mix each perform distinct roles:

Layer	Role	What to Use
Top	Dry slightly between waterings; airflow	Bark, fern fiber, coarse perlite
Middle	Hold moisture without saturation	Coir, compost, fine bark, worm castings
Bottom	Drain efficiently; prevent stagnation	Pumice, scoria, perlite, large bark

📌 Uniform mixes often fail because they don't account for how moisture behaves across a vertical column. Layering by function solves that.

A healthy root mass is no accident — it reflects a substrate that balances moisture, structure, and biological activity.

7. Custom Substrate Templates by Aroid Growth Form

Different aroids don’t just grow in different ways — they live in different underground realities. The structure, oxygen levels, and microflora around a Philodendron rhizome are nothing like what surrounds an Anthurium clinging to bark 3 m up a tree.

❗Important: These templates give you a starting point — not a fixed recipe — for building functional mixes based on how your plant grows.

All ratios are by volume. Adjust based on your pot type, watering habits, and drying speed.

Epiphytes & Primary Hemiepiphytes

Examples:

Monstera, Anthurium veitchii, Rhaphidophora, Amydrium, Epipremnum

Growth Traits:

• Velamen roots adapted for intermittent moisture, fast drying, and high air movement.

• Naturally anchor in bark crevices, moss pockets, or tree cavities.

Epiphytes & Primary Hemiepiphytes – Recommended Mix:

• 40–50% bark – creates structure, mimics tree surface, dries quickly

• 20–30% pumice or perlite – increases airflow, reduces compaction

• 10–15% charcoal – optional but helps absorb impurities and prevent souring

• Up to 10% worm castings or leaf mold – for microbial support and gentle nutrition

Why it works:

This mix reflects the natural canopy habitats studied by Ames & Lux (2022) and Camacho (2001). Weichgrebe et al. (2021) also confirmed that oxygen availability and surface porosity are more important than water retention for root development in epiphytic aroids. Tay et al. (2022) further showed that root attachment in epiphytic Anthurium shifts with substrate surface roughness, highlighting the role of structural texture in aerial root success. Sheeran & Rasmussen (2023) found that aerial roots of high-humidity-adapted aroids adjust both morphology and physiology in response to indoor humidity levels, underscoring the need for mixes that balance aeration with surface grip.

Tay et al. (2022) demonstrated that Anthurium obtusum alters its attachment mechanisms depending on substrate surface roughness, reinforcing the importance of choosing supports and top-layer textures that complement aerial root biology.

Common Mistakes:

• Overwatering, especially in low-light setups

• Allowing bark to compact at the base of aerial roots (reduces oxygen exchange)

• Using too much coir or compost, which holds water too long for velamen-covered roots

💡 Tip: For climbing Monstera or Anthurium, keep top substrate loose — never press the base down during potting. Roots grip better when the surface stays airy.

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Creeping Terrestrials (Rhizome-Based Growth)

Genera examples: 

Philodendron (gloriosum, mamei, luxurians, pastazanum, nangaritense), Amydrium humile

Growth Traits:

• Develop horizontal rhizomes that rest on or just beneath the surface

• Roots emerge at nodes but lack velamen, relying on contact with moist substrate

• Highly sensitive to stagnant, compacted, or soggy top layers

• Naturally found on shaded rainforest floors with loose organic debris and steady humidity

Creeping Terrestrials (Rhizome-Based Growth) – Recommended Substrate Mix:

• 30% coco coir – retains moisture without sealing off oxygen

• 25% fine bark – creates air pockets while offering light anchoring

• 20% compost or leaf mold – adds organic richness and microbial activity

• 15% perlite or pumice – boosts drainage and prevents compaction

• 10% worm castings (optional) – supports feeder root development

Ⓘ Scientific Context:

Research by McCready et al. (2020) confirmed that shallow-rooted aroids perform best in well-aerated mixes with soft top layers. Ames & Lux (2022) also emphasized that creeping Philodendron species show root stalling or rhizome decay when buried or compacted.

📌 Key Care Note:

Never bury the rhizome. Leave it fully exposed or slightly raised above the surface. A compacted or crusted top layer can suffocate growth points and lead to rot.

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Climbing or Appressed Hemiepiphytes

Genera examples: 

Philodendron (climbing types), Scindapsus, Syngonium, Epipremnum

Growth Traits:

• Form adventitious roots at nodes that respond to humidity and texture

• Naturally climb tree trunks and bark, often starting in soil and transitioning to epiphytic growth

• Require both anchoring support and high aeration near root zones

• Sensitive to smooth, overly wet, or dense substrates — roots need texture to grip and oxygen to thrive

Climbing or Appressed Hemiepiphytes – Recommended Substrate Mix:

• 35–40% bark – provides structure and tactile surface for anchoring roots

• 25–30% perlite – improves drainage and keeps the mix loose

• 20% coir or coco chips – offers moisture retention and fibrous support

• 10% worm castings or compost – adds nutrients and microbial activity

• 5% charcoal (optional) – supports long-term freshness and reduces compaction

Ⓘ Scientific Context:

Grubb & Coomes (1997) and Kurniawan et al. (2020) found that hemiepiphytic aroids thrive in environments with shifting root functions — from soil-bound to aerial. Substrate aeration and physical anchoring both affect long-term health and climb initiation.Lehnebach et al. (2022) documented that some tropical climbing aroids develop microspines as a mechanical adaptation, enhancing grip on rough surfaces — an important consideration when selecting supports that complement substrate structure.

📌 Note: Lehnebach et al. (2022) found that some tropical climbing aroids use microspines as a physical climbing aid. These tiny structures increase grip on textured supports — an important consideration when pairing substrate type with vertical structures.

💡 Practical Tip:

Provide a moss pole or textured stake to help aerial roots anchor above soil level. Keep the upper mix aerated and avoid pressing down around the base — compaction here delays root development.

Upright growers like Spathiphyllum need stable, aerated mixes that support fibrous root systems without sealing off air.

Upright Terrestrials (Non-Climbing, Non-Creeping)

Genera examples: 

Anthurium regale, Anthurium papillilaminum, Homalomena rubescens, Dieffenbachia

Growth Traits:

• Grow upright from a basal point or pseudostem, not by climbing or creeping

• Rely on thick, fibrous or fleshy basal roots for stability and nutrient uptake

• Lack velamen, making them more sensitive to oxygen-poor or soggy soil

• Thrive in well-aerated, biologically active substrates with moderate moisture retention

Upright Terrestrials — Recommended Substrate Mix:

• 30% bark – supports aeration and prevents waterlogging

• 30% coir – retains moisture and supports fine root growth

• 20% compost – improves microbial activity and structure

• 10–15% perlite or pumice – enhances drainage and air flow

• 5–10% worm castings or leaf mold – adds nutrients and encourages feeder root activity

Ⓘ Scientific Context:

Studies by Chen et al. (2005) and Schumann et al. (2021) confirm that non-velamen root systems in upright aroids need microbially rich, well-structured media to maintain healthy growth. These species often experience root stagnation in sterile or overly dense substrates.

💡Practical Tip: 

Avoid planting too deep. Keep the crown (where leaf stalks emerge) above the substrate line, and don’t use overly loose mixes that fail to stabilize the plant.

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Corm-Forming Geophytes

Genera examples: 

Alocasia, Caladium, Xanthosoma

Growth Traits:

• Grow from underground corms or modified storage bulbs

• Produce feeder roots from the corm base, often seasonally

• Extremely susceptible to rot if water stagnates near the corm

• Many species (especially Caladium) undergo natural dormancy cycles

Corm-Forming Geophytes - Recommended Substrate Mix:

• 30% pumice – provides strong aeration and long-lasting structure

• 25–30% coir or akadama – retains moderate moisture while avoiding sogginess

• 20% compost – supports microbial life and improves texture

• 10% worm castings – gentle nutrient source for new growth

• 10% perlite – further improves drainage and structure stability

Ⓘ  Scientific Context:

Research by Arifin et al. (2023), Daawia et al. (2024), and Krisantini et al. (2024) confirms that corm-forming and tuberous aroids show growth stage-specific substrate demands and morphological adaptations, with differences in corm size, feeder root density, and seasonal growth triggers influencing moisture and aeration requirements. Daawia et al. (2024) and Krisantini et al. (2024) add that corm diameter, feeder root density, and dormancy triggers vary significantly between species, affecting both watering strategies and substrate aeration requirements.

💡 Practical Tip:

• For Caladium, reduce watering sharply as dormancy sets in and allow the substrate to dry fully.

• For Alocasia, reduce watering gradually, but don’t let the substrate go bone dry unless the plant has dropped all foliage.Always avoid burying the corm too deeply — a light layer of substrate over the top is often sufficient.

❗ Dormancy Doesn’t Mean You Stop Watching the Substrate

Some aroids — like Caladium or Hapaline — enter natural dormancy phases. But even dormant plants are at risk if their substrate goes wrong.

Dormant plants + wet mix = rot.

As roots stop actively absorbing water, poorly structured substrates collapse or stay soggy.

What to do:

• Reduce watering gradually as growth slows — don’t wait for full dormancy.

• Avoid sealed or compacted top layers during dormancy — surface airflow remains important.

• Watch for hydrophobic behavior when resuming watering after dormancy (see below).

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Semi-Aquatic and Swamp-Edge Aroids

Genera examples: 

Cyrtosperma, Colocasia, Lasia

Growth Traits:

• Develop thick basal roots or corms capable of surviving saturation

• Contain aerenchyma tissue — specialized internal air channels that help them function in low-oxygen conditions

• Naturally adapted to seasonal flooding, yet sensitive to stagnant, anaerobic zones in containers

Semi-Aquatic and Swamp-Edge Aroids — Recommended Potting Mix:

• 50% coir – ensures moisture retention without creating a heavy, airless medium

• 25% compost – enhances nutrient content and microbial activity

• 15% sand or fine gravel – improves weight, drainage, and mimics sediment-rich native soils

• 10% bark – adds porosity and helps resist fungal buildup

Ⓘ Scientific Context:

Milla-Moreno & Rivas-Torres (2021) highlight how swamp-dwelling aroids manage internal oxygen distribution via aerenchyma. However, this adaptation does not negate the need for air exchange in potted conditions. Even water-tolerant roots will rot if left in soggy, sealed containers.

💡 Practical Tip: 

Always use containers with functional drainage holes — even for swamp-adapted species. Bottom-watering or water trays can mimic seasonal wetness, but avoid full submersion of the substrate unless propagating under controlled aquatic conditions.

Choosing the right components means understanding how each affects porosity, water retention, and root performance.

8. Quick Reference Table – Aroid Substrate Guidelines by Genus & Growth Form

This table outlines recommended substrate strategies for common aroid genera based on verified growth habits, root anatomy, and natural substrate interactions. Each entry considers the genus's dominant form of terrestrial, epiphytic, or hemiepiphytic behavior, typical root traits (e.g. velamen presence, rhizomatous growth, fibrous density), and how those traits respond to moisture, air, and microbial activity in container culture.

❗Note: Within genera like Philodendron and Anthurium, substantial growth-form diversity exists. Species like Philodendron gloriosum, P. mamei, and P. pastazanum are not a taxonomic group but share a creeping rhizomatous habit that justifies their care grouping here. Similarly, vertical-stemmed species like Philodendron erubescens or P. hederaceum functionally differ and are categorized under hemiepiphytic climbers.

Click to see the research basis ➜

• Ames & Lux (2022): Detailed anatomical comparisons of root systems across tropical Araceae, with emphasis on velamen, rhizome vulnerability, and adventitious root plasticity.

  
  

• McCready et al. (2020): Analysis of substrate–air interactions affecting Philodendron rhizome rot in controlled terrarium and open-pot settings.

  
  

• Marino et al. (2022): Investigated growth performance of epiphytic Anthurium species under varying aeration and organic content in potting mixes.

  
  

• Schumann et al. (2021): Explored substrate microbiology and its impact on feeder root uptake and disease resilience in aroids like Dieffenbachia and Spathiphyllum.

  
  

• Arifin et al. (2023): Morphological and growth data on Alocasia and Colocasia species in Papua, with direct implications for corm and feeder root media response.

  
  

• Daawia et al. (2024), Krisantini et al. (2024): Comparative analyses of corm morphology, feeder root density, and dormancy triggers in ornamental Alocasia, informing stage-specific substrate and moisture strategies.

  
  

• Sheeran & Rasmussen (2023): Documented humidity-driven morphological changes in aerial roots of high-humidity-adapted aroids, with direct relevance to surface texture and aeration choices.

  
  

• Tay et al. (2022): Showed that Anthurium obtusum changes attachment strategies based on substrate surface roughness, affecting aerial root anchoring.

  
  

• Lehnebach et al. (2022): Identified microspines in certain climbing aroids as mechanical adaptations for improved grip on textured supports.

  
  

• Bautista Bello et al. (2025): Field study of climbing aroids in a Mexican lowland forest, highlighting intra-genus diversity in climbing and rooting strategies.

  
  

• Ramachandran et al. (2025): Synthesised the diversity of root architectures across plant lineages, including Araceae, and their functional adaptations to contrasting environments.

  
  

• Shanthanu et al. (2024): Assessed controlled-release fertiliser impacts on vegetative growth and nutrient status in Philodendron erubescens under varied rooting environments.

  
  

• Camacho (2001), Grubb & Coomes (1997), Nawaz et al. (2022): Provided habitat context and environmental stress response data (e.g., waterlogging tolerance, epiphytism, seasonal dormancy) for wild aroids.

  
  

These sources form the foundation for understanding aroid substrate needs beyond “drainage” — incorporating oxygen demand, microbial support, rhizosphere porosity, humidity responses, and root–substrate interaction over time.

Use this table to identify the right substrate approach based on both growth habit and root type. It's designed for growers who want a rapid overview without losing critical context.

Quick Reference – Substrate Strategies by Genus & Growth Form

Genus (Examples)	Growth Habit	Root Type Traits	Substrate Strategy
Philodendron (gloriosum, mamei)	Creeping terrestrial	Surface rhizome, no velamen	Semi-fine, breathable mix; exposed rhizome; coir + bark + compost + perlite
Philodendron (hederaceum, erubescens)	Hemiepiphytic climber	Adventitious roots, velamen-developing	Chunky, bark-based; good drainage; supports aerial root development
Anthurium (veitchii, warocqueanum)	Epiphyte or hemiepiphyte	Velamen aerial roots	Ultra-porous, bark + pumice + charcoal; minimal fines; fast-drying
Anthurium (regale, papillilaminum)	Upright terrestrial	Thick basal roots, no velamen	Balanced structure; coir + bark + compost + perlite; moisture-retentive and aerated
Monstera (deliciosa, adansonii)	Hemiepiphytic climber	Velamen aerial roots	Bark + pumice + charcoal; scalable with maturity; rapid drying
Scindapsus	Appressed climber	Adventitious aerial roots	Bark + perlite + coir; avoid peat; moderate retention with high aeration
Syngonium	Juvenile creeper → climber	Adventitious roots	Balanced and airy; coir + bark + perlite; supports grip and climbing transition
Epipremnum	Appressed climber	Adventitious roots	Bark-heavy with perlite; tolerates varied conditions; moderate feeding
Rhaphidophora (hayi, tetrasperma)	Epiphyte or shingler	Velamen aerial roots	Fast-drying; bark + perlite + charcoal; zero peat; surface grip matters
Amydrium (medium, humile)	Variable/climber	Velamen roots, climbing or creeping habit	Bark-based with perlite and minor compost; adaptable to form shifts
Alocasia (zebrina, reginula)	Corm-forming terrestrial	Feeder roots from corm	Fast-draining; pumice + akadama + coir; corm at or just under surface
Caladium	Tuberous geophyte	Delicate feeder roots	Light, airy; coir + perlite + bark; dries out fully during dormancy
Thaumatophyllum (bipinnatifidum)	Semi-woody terrestrial	Thick basal roots	Mineral-heavy mix; bark + pumice + compost; firm structure for large roots
Spathiphyllum	Crown-forming terrestrial	Fibrous, shallow roots	Moisture-retentive; coir + fine bark + compost; consistent hydration needed
Dieffenbachia	Crown-forming terrestrial	Branching fibrous roots	Rich but breathable; compost + bark + perlite; well-aerated moisture
Aglaonema	Crown-forming terrestrial	Shallow fibrous roots	Coir + fine bark + perlite; even moisture, no soggy pockets
Homalomena	Crown-forming terrestrial	Fine fibrous roots	Humus-rich; coir + leaf mold + bark + perlite; supports steady growth
Cyrtosperma (johnstonii)	Floodplain-edge terrestrial	Aerenchyma-rich roots	Moisture-retentive but breathable; coir + compost + sand; never waterlogged
Colocasia (esculenta)	Wetland terrestrial	Thick basal roots, aerenchyma present	Coir + compost + sand + bark; drains well but stays evenly moist
Xanthosoma	Corm-forming terrestrial	Basal feeder roots	Similar to Alocasia; coir + pumice + compost; sharp drainage

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➜ Bonus: Alternative Substrate Systems – Semi-Hydro & Inert Setups

Not all aroids grow in soil-based substrates. In low-humidity homes, closed environments, or collector setups, semi-hydroponics offers a powerful alternative.

Using mineral substrates like pon, LECA, or pumice in self-watering pots or reservoirs can create stable, oxygen-rich environments — but only if managed correctly.

What works:

• Inert media like pon, pumice, or mineral mixes create lasting structure and excellent airflow.

• Self-watering pots or passive hydro setups reduce watering guesswork.

• Semi-hydro is ideal for velamen-rooted species (like Anthurium veitchii or Monstera) that benefit from fast drying and consistent access to moisture.

What to watch:

• You must supply all nutrients via hydro fertilizer — there’s no organic matter to feed microbes.

• Without flushing, salts build up fast.

• The transition from soil to semi-hydro can shock roots.

• Don’t force it. Semi-hydro isn’t plug-and-play — but for the right setup and plant type, it’s a game-changer.

💡 Shanthanu et al. (2024) found that controlled-release fertilisers can significantly influence vegetative growth and nutrient uptake in Philodendron under varied root-zone environments — a reminder that nutrition strategies must be adjusted for inert media.

📌 Transitioning a plant to semi-hydro? This will help you avoid shock:

 See how to move houseplants into semi-hydro step by step.

📌 Feeding in semi-hydro? Here’s how to do it right:

Use this fertilizing guide for mineral and semi-hydro systems.

Substrate success isn’t just in the mix — it’s how you observe, adjust, and respond to your plant’s real-time feedback.

9. Aroid Substrate Questions

Q1: Can I grow aroids in pure coco coir?

A: Not a good idea. While coir is more sustainable than peat, it holds water too long, compacts easily, and restricts oxygen over time. Aroids need airflow at the roots. Always mix in chunky, porous materials like bark, perlite, or pumice to keep things breathable.

Q2: Should I cover the rhizome on creeping species like Philodendron gloriosum?

A: No. Creeping aroids grow from surface-level rhizomes that need exposure to air. Burying them—especially in dense or soggy substrate—traps moisture and often leads to rot. Keep the rhizome slightly raised or flush with the surface. In dry homes, use a loose top layer like bark to protect humidity without sealing it in.

Q3: Why do people use orchid mixes for aroids?

A: Because both orchids and epiphytic aroids need lots of air around their roots. But orchid bark alone dries too quickly and lacks nutrients. For aroids like Anthurium veitchii or Monstera, it’s just a starting point — you’ll need to add ingredients like coir, compost, or worm castings to meet their needs.

Q4: What mix should I use if I don’t know the plant’s identity?

A: Start with a balanced all-rounder:

• 30% orchid bark

• 30% coir

• 20% perlite

• 10% compost

• 10% worm castings or leaf mold

Then observe. If roots stay healthy but growth is slow → increase nutrition. If roots rot or smell → boost drainage and aeration. Let the plant's feedback guide your tweaks.

Q5: Can I use garden soil or off-the-shelf potting mix indoors?

A: Not recommended. Garden soil is too dense for containers and often carries pests or pathogens. Most retail mixes are also too peat-heavy for aroids unless amended. You’ll need to loosen them with coarse materials and improve structure to avoid suffocating the roots.

Q6: Do I have to sterilize my substrate before potting?

A: Usually not. Healthy microbes in compost or worm castings support root development. Only consider sterilizing if you’re reusing old mix from a sick plant, dealing with persistent fungus gnats, or treating active root rot. Otherwise, use fresh components and good airflow to stay ahead of problems.

Q7: Is semi-hydroponics (like LECA or pon) suitable for aroids?

A: It can be — but success depends on setup. Semi-hydro mixes require:

• Steady air movement at the base

• Full-spectrum liquid nutrients

• Routine flushing to remove salts

Many climbing or upright aroids adapt well, but rhizomatous creepers may struggle in fully inert media without careful adjustment.

Q8: When should I change or refresh my substrate?

A: Watch for these early warning signs:

• Soil stays soggy or smells funky

• Water flows through but roots stay dry

• Bark feels mushy or degraded

• Roots creep out of the pot

• Growth stalls despite good care

If you notice two or more, it’s time to top up, refresh, or fully repot with a fresh blend.

Q9: Is a chunky mix always better for aroids?

A: Not always. Bark-heavy blends work well for epiphytes, but terrestrial species like Dieffenbachia or Philodendron gloriosum often need finer, moisture-holding substrates. There’s no universal answer — the mix must reflect the plant’s root type and habitat, not what’s trending on Instagram.

Q10: What's the difference between aerial, feeder, and adventitious roots?

• Feeder roots grow underground and absorb nutrients and moisture. They're the fine, fibrous backbone of most aroid root systems.

• Aerial roots grow above the soil — from stems or nodes — and help the plant climb, stabilize, or grip surfaces. Some absorb moisture from the air in humid conditions.

• Adventitious roots form from non-root tissue, like stems or petioles. Both aerial and soil roots can be adventitious — the term just refers to where they originate, not what they do.

📌 In short:

• Feeder roots = absorb water and nutrients

• Aerial roots = climb, grip, and sometimes absorb moisture

• Adventitious roots = form from stems or other unusual locations

This wild Monstera deliciosa reveals its true nature — aerial roots span meters in search of structure, airflow, and moisture. Understanding how aroids grow in the wild is the first step toward designing a substrate that actually works.

10. Final Thoughts – Aroids Don’t Want a Mix. They Want a Strategy.

Your aroid isn’t asking for a “chunky mix.”

It’s asking for:

• Enough oxygen to breathe

• Balanced moisture — not soaked, not bone dry

• A root environment that mimics how it grows in the wild: bark crevices, rainforest litter, floodplain sediment

Substrate isn’t just something to hold the plant in place — it’s the foundation of everything that happens above the soil line. If it fails, nothing else works — no matter how good your light or humidity is. And aroid roots are dynamic. They evolve as the plant grows, as seasons shift, and as your home environment changes. Your mix needs to keep up.

Build a Smarter Approach

Instead of copying someone else's formula, build yours around five steps:

• Learn how your plant naturally grows — creeping, climbing, upright, or mixed

• Understand the root system — is it velamen-covered, rhizomatous, fibrous, or corm-based?

• Read the plant’s signals — new growth, root tips, and drying speed all tell you something

• Adjust one variable at a time — airflow, water retention, structure, or nutrition

• Treat your mix as a living system — not a static bag of ingredients

💡 A flexible mix outperforms a “perfect” one — every time.

What to Do Next

• Review your current substrate setups

• Identify each plant’s growth form and root type

• Tweak the blend using the three core pillars: airflow, water balance, and structural support

• Monitor how the mix dries, how roots behave, and whether new growth improves

And if a plant starts declining?

📌 Don’t assume it’s your fault. Check the root zone first.

Often, that’s where the real problem, and the real solution, lies.

Time to get your hands dirty?

You’ll find all the good stuff — bark, pumice, coir & more — in our growing media section:

www.foliage-factory.com

Buy Growing Media and Substrates – Foliage Factory

Choosing the right growing medium is crucial for the health and vitality of your plants. At Foliage Factory, we offer a wide range of high-quality substrates, including potting mixes, orchid bark, cactus soil, and more, tailored to meet the needs of various plant types. Whether you’re repotting houseplants, nurturing orchids, or growing succulents, find the perfect medium to promote healthy root development and robust growth. Shop now to give your plants the best foundation for thriving.

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11. Glossary of Aroid Substrate Terms

Term	Definition
Adventitious Roots	Roots growing from stems, nodes, or internodes; used for climbing, anchoring, and exploration; common in vining aroids.
Aerenchyma	Sponge-like tissue that transports oxygen within roots under low-oxygen conditions; typical in swamp-adapted aroids such as Colocasia.
Basal Roots	Roots emerging from the base of the stem or corm; provide stability and absorb water and nutrients.
Bulk Density	Measurement of how compact a substrate is (g/cm³); high density reduces air space and restricts root growth.
Dormancy Triggers	Environmental or physiological cues that initiate dormancy in certain aroids, influencing watering and substrate requirements (Daawia et al. 2024; Krisantini et al. 2024).
Drainage	The ability of a substrate to release excess water quickly, preventing stagnation and root rot.
Epiphyte	A plant that grows on trees or rocks without soil, absorbing moisture from rain, air, or organic debris.
Feeder Roots	Fine, highly branched roots responsible for nutrient and water uptake; require loose, aerated, microbe-rich substrates.
Hemiepiphyte	An aroid that starts life in soil and later climbs trees; needs versatile substrate conditions (e.g., Monstera, Philodendron).
Inert Substrate	Non-organic material such as pumice or perlite; improves structure and aeration but does not supply nutrients.
Coconut Coir	Fiber from coconut husks; retains moisture but can compact without coarse structural components.
Creeping Rhizome	Horizontally growing stem at or above the substrate surface; must remain exposed for air exchange; e.g., in Philodendron gloriosum.
Leaf Mold	Decomposed leaf material rich in beneficial fungi and microorganisms; improves soil biology and structure.
Microspines	Small, rigid outgrowths found on some climbing aroids (Lehnebach et al. 2022) that improve grip on textured surfaces.
Organic Matter	Substrate components that decompose over time (e.g., compost, worm castings), providing nutrients and microbial support.
Porosity	Percentage of air space in a substrate; crucial for oxygen flow and root health (ideal: 60–75%).
Response to Surface Roughness	Variation in root attachment and structure depending on substrate texture (Tay et al. 2022).
Rhizome	Stem that grows horizontally at or above the substrate surface; should remain exposed to avoid rot.
Structure	The physical texture of a mix; determines how well it supports roots while maintaining aeration.
Substrate	The growing medium in which roots develop; must provide support, oxygen, moisture, and nutrients.
Velamen	Spongy outer layer on aerial roots that aids water and gas exchange; common in Monstera and Anthurium.
Worm Castings	Organic fertilizer made from earthworm excrement; nutrient-rich, gentle, and full of microorganisms.
Root Rot	Damage to roots caused by poor drainage and low oxygen; results in decayed, non-functional root tissue.

12. References and Further Reading

For those interested in exploring the topic more deeply, the following sources provide scientific insights, background studies, and relevant literature.

Ramachandran P, Ramirez A, Dinneny JR. Rooting for survival: how plants tackle a challenging environment through a diversity of root forms and functions. Plant Physiol. 2024 Dec 23;197(1):kiae586. 10.1093/plphys/kiae586. PMID: 39657006; PMCID: PMC11663570.

Eskov Alen K. , Viktorova Violetta A. , Abakumov Evgeny , Zotz Gerhard. Cellular Growth in Aerial Roots Differs From That in Typical Substrate Roots. Frontiers in Plant Science. Volume 13 - 2022, DOI=10.3389/fpls.2022.894647

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.894647

Gerhard Zotz, Peter Hietz, The physiological ecology of vascular epiphytes: current knowledge, open questions, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 52, Issue 364, 1 November 2001, Pages 2067–2078, https://doi.org/10.1093/jexbot/52.364.2067

Mantovani, André & Pereira, Thais & Mantuano, Dulce. (2016). Allomorphic growth of Epipremnum aureum (Araceae) as characterized by changes in leaf morphophysiology during the transition from ground to canopy. Brazilian Journal of Botany. 40. 10.1007/s40415-016-0331-6

Daawia, Daawia & Kartika, Juang & Krisantini, Krisantini & Rahayu, Megayani & Sri Asih, Ni Putu & Matra, Deden. (2024). Study of Morphology and Growth of Alocasia spp. from Papua, Indonesia. HAYATI Journal of Biosciences. 32. 367-373. 10.4308/hjb.32.2.367-373

Bunt, A. C. (1988). Media and mixes for container-grown plants. Springer Dordrecht. https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-011-7904-1

Bautista Bello, Alma Patricia & López-Acosta, Juan & Zotz, Gerhard. (2025). Climbing aroids in a Mexican lowland forest. Journal of Tropical Ecology. 41. 10.1017/S0266467425100096.

Kurakula, Divya & Prasanth, P. & Kumar, A. & Salma, Zehra & Vijaya, D. & Chary, Darshanoju. (2022). Effect of Different Inorganic Fertilizers on Growth and Development of Dieffenbachia seguine (Jacq.) Schott. International Journal of Environment and Climate Change. 1723-1731. 10.9734/ijecc/2022/v12i1131165

Sheeran L, Rasmussen A. Aerial roots elevate indoor plant health: Physiological and morphological responses of three high-humidity adapted Araceae species to indoor humidity levels. Plant Cell Environ. 2023 Jun;46(6):1873-1884. doi: 10.1111/pce.14568 Epub 2023 Feb 27. PMID: 36786325.

Zotz, Gerhard & Bautista Bello, Alma Patricia & Kohlstruck, Juliane & Weichgrebe, Letizia. (2020). Life forms in aroids - natural variability vs. terminological confusion. Journal of the International Aroid Society. 43. 315-333. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344402221_Life_forms_in_aroids_-_natural_variability_vs_terminological_confusion

De Toni, K. & Mantovani, André & Filartiga, Arinawa Liz & mantuano, dulce & Vieira, Ricardo & vasques, gustavo. (2021). Root morphophysiology changes during the habitat transition from soil to canopy of the aroid vine Rhodospatha oblongata. Annals of Botany. 127. 347-360.  https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcaa182

Prashanth Ramachandran , Andrea Ramirez , José R Dinneny (2025). Rooting for survival: how plants tackle a challenging environment through a diversity of root forms and functions Plant Physiology, Volume 197, Issue 1, January 2025, kiae586, https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiae586

Andrade, Ivanilza & Mayo, Simon. (2000). Dynamic shoot morphology in root‐climbing Araceae: Philodendron rudgeanum Schott and Ph. fragrantissimum (Hook.) G.Don. Feddes Repertorium. 111. 295 - 314. 10.1002/fedr.20001110505.

KEATMETHA, Wararat & Suksa-Ard, Padungsak. (2004). Effects of Rooting Substrates on In Vitro Rooting of Anthurium andraeanum L. cv. Avanti. Walailak Journal of Science and Technology. 1. 10.2004/wjst.v1i2.185

Brito, Carolina & Mantuano, Dulce & De Toni, K. & Mantovani, André. (2022). Untangling Leaf Expansion Triggers: A New Experimental Study with Epipremnum Aureum (Araceae). SSRN Electronic Journal. 10.2139/ssrn.4067102

Romain Lehnebach, Cloé Paul-Victor, Elisa Courric, Nick P Rowe, Microspines in tropical climbing plants: a small-scale fix for life in an obstacle course, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 73, Issue 16, 12 September 2022, Pages 5650–5670, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erac205

Ördögh, Máté. (2019). The effect of substrates on different characteristics of Philodendron erubescens cuttings. Review on Agriculture and Rural Development. 8. 53-59. 10.14232/rard.2019.1-2.53-59

Perrone, J. Boyce, P. C. (2023). Aroids with Peter Boyce. On The Ledge Podcast. https://www.janeperrone.com/on-the-ledge/aroids-peter-boyce

Melissa M. Arcand, Bobbi L. Helgason, Reynald L. Lemke,

Microbial crop residue decomposition dynamics in organic and conventionally managed soils,

Applied Soil Ecology, Volume 107, 2016, Pages 347-359, ISSN 0929-1393, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsoil.2016.07.001.

Verdonck, O., Penninck, R. and De Boodt, M. (1984). THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF DIFFERENT HORTICULTURAL SUBSTRATES. Acta Hortic. 150, 155-160 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1984.150.16

https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1984.150.16

Shanthanu R, Keisar Lourdusamy D, Kavino M, Chitra R, Prabu P C, Vanitha K. Impact of control release fertilizers on vegetative, gas exchange attributes and nutrient status of Philodendron erubescens. Plant Sci. Today [Internet]. 2024 Oct. 1 [cited 2025 Aug. 12];11(4). Available from: https://horizonepublishing.com/journals/index.php/PST/article/view/4666

Zotz, G., Kappert, N., Müller, L.-.-L.B. and Wagner, K. (2020), Temperature dependence of germination and growth in Anthurium (Araceae). Plant Biol J, 22: 184-190. https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.13063

Vitor Tenorio, Cassia Mônica Sakuragui, Ricardo Cardoso Vieira,

Structures and functions of adventitious roots in species of the genus Philodendron Schott (Araceae),

Flora - Morphology, Distribution, Functional Ecology of Plants, Volume 209, Issue 10, 2014, Pages 547-555, ISSN 0367-2530, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2014.08.001.

Eskov AK, Viktorova VA, Abakumov E, Zotz G. Cellular Growth in Aerial Roots Differs From That in Typical Substrate Roots. Front Plant Sci. 2022 May 26;13:894647. doi: 10.3389/fpls.2022.894647. PMID: 35720525; PMCID: PMC9199517.

Krisantini, Rahayu, M. S., Kartika, J. G., Dinarti, D., Putri, Y. S., Matra, D. D., Daawia, Asih, N. P. S., & Fabillo, M. (2024). Comparative Analysis of Vegetative Development and Leaf Morpho-Anatomy in Three Taxa of Ornamental Alocasia (Araceae). Horticulturae, 10(8), 778. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10080778

 Tay, J. Y. L., A. Kovalev, G. Zotz, H. J. R. Einzmann, and S. N. Gorb. 2022. Holding on or falling off: The attachment mechanism of epiphytic Anthurium obtusum changes with substrate roughness. American Journal of Botany  109(6):  874–886. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.16000

Boertje, G.A. (1978). SUBSTRATES AND THE NUTRITION OF ANTHURIUM ANDREANUM. Acta Hortic. 82, 159-164 DOI: 10.17660/ActaHortic.1978.82.22 https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1978.82.22