The Science and Art of Non-Organic Plant Substrates for Semi-Hydroponic Systems

Why Substrate Choice Determines Semi-Hydro Success

Tired of watching roots rot in waterlogged LECA? Confused why your Pon mix dries too fast? It’s not your plant — it’s your substrate.

If you're growing plants in semi-hydroponics, your substrate is doing more than holding roots — it’s managing water movement, oxygen delivery, and nutrient access every single day. Whether you're growing Anthurium in LECA, Hoya in Pon, or jungle succulents in custom blends, your plant’s long-term health depends on what's beneath the surface.

But not all substrates behave the same. Some wick water beautifully but compact over time. Others offer great airflow but no moisture retention. Some hold onto nutrients like a slow-release sponge, while others flush everything right through. And many so-called “universal” semi-hydro blends — including premixed Pon alternatives — ignore root behavior entirely.

This guide helps you understand what’s really happening inside your pot — so you can stop guessing and start building substrate systems that actually work.

New to semi-hydro setups or transitioning from soil? Start with our detailed step-by-step primer:

➜ From Soil to Semi-Hydro – Full Transition Guide

A visual lineup of popular inert substrates used in semi-hydroponics — from LECA and Seramis to pumice, lava, and Pon. Each medium offers unique water and air properties.

Contents:

1. What Are Inert Substrates?

2. How Inert Substrates Actually Work – Capillarity, Oxygen, and Nutrient Behavior

3. Visual Overview – Inert Substrates at a Glance

4. Substrate Deep Dives – Pros, Cons & Use Cases

5. How to Choose the Right Substrate for Your Plant (and Setup)

6. Mixing Strategies – How to Build Blends that Work Together Long-Term

7. Environmental Impact – Sustainability of Inert Substrates

8. Pot Setup, Layering, and Wick Optimization

9. Common Problems and How to Fix Them

10. Substrate Lifespan & When to Replace or Reuse Media

11. Final Summary, Quick Reference Tables & Practical Tips

12. Sources and Further Reading: Inert Substrates in Semi-Hydroponic Systems

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Before understanding substrates, many plant setups look like this — confusing and chaotic. Knowing what each medium does can change everything.

What Are Inert Substrates?

Inert substrates are non-organic, non-decomposing materials used to support plants in passive hydroponics. Unlike soil or coco coir, they don’t release nutrients or break down over time. Instead, they serve as a structural root zone while allowing water, oxygen, and nutrients to flow where they’re needed — without compacting or rotting.

Common examples include:

• LECA (expanded clay)

• Lava rock

• Pumice

• Zeolite

• Perlite

• Seramis

• Silica stone

• Vermiculite

• Diatomite

• Rockwool

These materials are used in Pon-style mineral blends, LECHUZA systems, wick pots, and other semi-hydro setups with passive hydration.

Why Substrate Choice Matters More Than Most Think

Your substrate determines:

• Wicking performance — how moisture rises from the reservoir

• Aeration — how oxygen reaches root tips

• Retention — how long the mix stays moist (or too wet)

• Buffering — whether nutrients are retained or flushed

• Root stability — how well your plant stays anchored

• Reusability — whether the substrate supports long-term growth or breaks down

Even the best-designed pot fails if the wrong substrate is inside.

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How Inert Substrates Actually Work – Capillarity, Oxygen, and Nutrient Behavior

To build a reliable semi-hydroponic setup, you need to understand how water, air, and nutrients move through inert substrates — because not all materials behave the same way. What works for orchids won’t work for Alocasias. Some mixes dry out from the top. Others create wet pockets at the base.

This section breaks down the key principles that explain why certain substrates succeed or fail .

1. Capillary Action: The Core of Passive Hydration

Capillary action (a.k.a. wicking) is what draws water upward from a reservoir into the root zone. It happens when water clings to the surface of substrate particles and travels through narrow pores between them.

If your mix doesn’t wick, the upper layers stay dry — even if the pot sits in water.

✓ Wicks well: LECA (limited), Seramis, zeolite, vermiculite

✗ Doesn’t wick: Pumice, lava rock, silica stone

In tall pots, capillary performance is critical — most mixes can’t lift water more than 5–6 cm from the base without help.

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2. Porosity and Air Flow: Oxygen Matters

Your plant’s roots need constant access to oxygen. If your substrate is too compact or holds water too long, roots suffocate — even if rot hasn’t set in yet.

Porosity is affected by:

• Shape of particles (round vs jagged)

• Surface texture (smooth vs rough)

• Internal structure (closed vs open-cell pores)

✓ High aeration: Pumice, lava rock, LECA, perlite

✗ Low aeration: Vermiculite, Seramis (if compacted), rockwool

Roots die from oxygen deprivation long before rot begins. High porosity saves plants in borderline conditions.

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3. Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC): Nutrient Buffering

CEC determines how well a substrate holds onto nutrients instead of flushing them out.

High-CEC materials act like a slow-release sponge, helping roots access food between feedings. Low-CEC materials (like LECA or pumice) provide no buffering — you must feed more frequently and flush more carefully.

✓ High CEC: Zeolite, vermiculite, Seramis, akadama

✗ Low CEC: LECA, pumice, perlite, silica stone

Blending 10–30% zeolite into LECA or lava-based mixes helps reduce nutrient leaching and improves consistency in feeding.

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4. pH Behavior: Initial Reaction and Long-Term Drift

Some inert materials start pH-neutral. Others lean alkaline or acidic. But more importantly — some substrates continue to drift as they’re exposed to water, nutrients, and root activity.

• pH-neutral: Pumice, perlite, lava rock, silica stone

• Alkaline (initially): LECA, rockwool, some vermiculite

• Slightly acidic: Seramis, akadama

Always pre-soak LECA and rockwool in pH-adjusted water before planting. Monitor reservoir pH monthly in long-term setups — especially with high-CEC blends.

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5. Structural Stability: Will It Last?

Not all inert media stay inert. Some compact, break down, or develop sludge with repeated use — killing airflow and wicking.

✓ Very stable: LECA, lava rock, pumice, silica stone

✗ Breaks down over time: Vermiculite, diatomite, akadama, Seramis, perlite

If a substrate feels mushy or dusty when rinsed, it no longer supports root health. Toss it and start fresh.

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6. Reusability and Hygiene

Truly inert materials can be flushed, sterilized, and reused with proper cleaning. Others are better for single use due to structural fragility or contamination risks.

✓ Highly reusable: LECA, lava rock, zeolite, expanded shale

✗ One-time or short-term use: Rockwool, vermiculite, diatomite, Seramis

Always clean reusable media with peroxide or vinegar, rinse thoroughly, and let it dry fully before replanting.

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📌 Summary Snapshot

Property	Substrates That Excel
Wicking	Seramis, vermiculite, zeolite
Airflow	Pumice, lava rock, LECA
Nutrient hold	Zeolite, vermiculite, akadama, Seramis
Stability	Lava rock, LECA, pumice
Reusability	LECA, silica stone, expanded shale

A broad comparison: different inert media in semi-hydroponics, each with its own structure, wicking ability, and water-holding profile.

Visual Overview – Inert Substrates at a Glance

Before we dive into the full pros, cons, and pairing strategies for each material, here’s a practical comparison table of the most commonly used inert substrates in semi-hydroponics.

Use this as a quick decision guide when:

• Building your own mineral blend

• Troubleshooting issues (e.g. rot, compaction, dryness)

• Choosing replacements or upgrades for LECA-only setups

  
  

Substrate	💧 Retention	🌬️ Aeration	🧪 CEC (Nutrient Hold)	Wicking	Stability	🔁 Reusable	🌍 Environmental Impact
LECA	Medium	High	Very Low	Moderate (~5 cm)	High	✅ Yes	Moderate – high energy to produce, but long-lasting
Lava Rock	Low	High	Very Low	None	Very High	✅ Yes	Low – natural, unprocessed volcanic material
Pumice	Low–Medium	Very High	Very Low	Low	High	✅ Yes	Low–moderate – mined, but minimal processing
Zeolite	Medium	Medium	Very High	Low	High	✅ Yes	Moderate – mined, but effective as a long-term buffer
Seramis	High	Medium	Medium	High	Moderate	⚠️ Short-Term	Moderate – clay-based, medium energy input
Perlite	Low	High	Very Low	Minimal	Fragile	❌ No	High – energy-intensive expansion, not reusable
Vermiculite	Very High	Low–Medium	Medium	High	Low	❌ No	High – strip-mined, high-energy expansion
Rockwool	Very High	Moderate	Medium	Excellent	Low	❌ No	High – petrochemical origin, landfill risk
RFX-1 Mapito	Medium–High	High	Low–Medium	Moderate (~4–6 cm)	Moderate	✅ Yes	High – synthetic and rockwool-based, difficult disposal
Silica Stone	Low	High	Very Low	None	Very High	✅ Yes	Low – inert, natural, no breakdown
Diatomite	Medium	Medium	Low	Medium	Low	⚠️ Short-Term	Moderate – strip-mined, weak structure
Expanded Shale	Medium	High	Very Low	Minimal	Very High	✅ Yes	Moderate – fired at high temp, but reusable
Turface	Low–Medium	High	Low	Poor	High	✅ Yes	Moderate – kiln-fired, long lifespan
Akadama	Medium	Low–Medium	Medium	Moderate	Low	❌ No	Moderate–high – non-renewable, breaks down in 1–2 yrs
Growstones	Medium	High	Low–Moderate	Moderate	Low–Med	⚠️ Limited	Low–moderate – made from recycled glass

Growstones are no longer mass-produced. Availability is regional or limited to surplus stock.

Reading the Table

If you want to build a high-performing semi-hydro mix:

• For wicking: Use Seramis, vermiculite, or zeolite

• For airflow: Blend in pumice, lava rock, or LECA

• For buffering: Add zeolite, Seramis, or akadama

• For durability: Prioritize LECA, expanded shale, or silica stone

💡Zeolite has been shown to reduce nitrate leaching and buffer nutrient spikes in soilless setups, helping stabilize EC in passive systems (Méndez et al., 2018; Li et al., 2015).

Mapito up close: a synthetic blend used in professional hydroponics, offering great airflow and stable moisture control. Big minus: it is not environmentally friendly.

Substrate Deep Dives – Pros, Cons & Use Cases

LECA – Lightweight Expanded Clay Aggregate

Quick Facts:

• Porous clay balls fired at high temperature

• Common in self-watering pots, Pon alternatives, and net pot systems

• Reusable, sterile, and easy to flush

✓ Why It Works:

LECA provides excellent airflow and is practically indestructible. It doesn’t compact, shift, or break down — making it a favorite for structured passive setups.

✗ Limitations:

Despite its popularity, LECA isn’t magical. It has low CEC and only moderate wicking ability (up to 5–6 cm). Used alone, it can create dry zones or over-wet bases depending on pot depth.

➝ Ideal For:

• Aroids like Monstera or Philodendron in reservoir setups

• Net pots in cachepots

• Large-rooted plants that dislike compaction

+ Often Paired With:

• Zeolite (nutrient buffer)

• Seramis or vermiculite (capillary support)

• Perlite or pumice (top-layer airflow)

💡 Tip: Soak before use in pH-adjusted water (pH 5.5–6.0) to remove dust and minimize alkaline drift.

Pumice – Ultra-Porous Volcanic Rock

Quick Facts:

• Lightweight, naturally aerated stone

• Doesn’t wick or compact

• Fully inert and reusable

✓ Why It Works:

Pumice is one of the best aerators available. It boosts oxygen at the root zone, resists compaction, and adds structural longevity to any blend.

✗ Limitations:

It doesn’t retain much water and doesn’t wick upward — so it's unsuitable on its own in passive systems. Also, some batches are dusty or variable in size.

➝ Where It Shines:

• Succulents (especially desert types), orchids, and epiphytes

• As an aerator in Pon-style mixes

• Dry-tolerant setups with frequent top watering

+ Best Combined With:

• Seramis or zeolite to retain moisture

• Lava rock for structure

• LECA to stabilize net pots

💡 Tip: Use pumice near the top of your mix to prevent rot and improve evaporation — but always include a wicking component below.

Zeolite – High-Performance Nutrient Buffer

Quick Facts:

• Natural mineral with extremely high cation exchange capacity (CEC)

• Doesn’t wick, compress, or degrade

• pH-neutral and safe for long-term use

✓ Why It Works:

Zeolite acts like a nutrient sponge — holding onto minerals and releasing them slowly to the roots. It’s especially powerful in passive setups that flush easily.

✗ Limitations:

It doesn’t wick water and may over-densify your mix if used in excess. Choose horticultural grade only — fine powder forms will clog airflow.

➝ Best Use Cases:

• Any LECA-based setup that flushes often

• Heavy feeders like Alocasia or Anthurium

• Mineral mixes prone to nutrient loss

+ Great With:

• LECA (adds buffering)

• Seramis or vermiculite (to maintain moisture)

• Lava or pumice (to improve airflow)

💡 Tip: Stick to 10–30% zeolite in your mix — higher amounts can slow drainage and trap salts if not flushed.

Seramis – Moisture Retainer with a Gentle Touch

✓Quick Facts:

• Porous fired clay granules, reddish and lightweight

• Holds moisture inside particles and wicks extremely well

• pH mildly acidic, ideal for most tropicals

✓ Why It Works:

Seramis is excellent at keeping moisture stable without suffocating roots. Its internal pores act like mini reservoirs, and it offers moderate nutrient buffering.

✗ Limitations:

Seramis degrades slowly in saturated conditions (6–12 months). It can also compact or shift in the pot, especially if particles are too fine. Batch inconsistency is common.

➝ Where It Excels:

• Calathea, Alocasia, ferns, seedlings

• Wicking layer in mineral blends

• Shallow or mid-height zones in layered pots

+ Best Used With:

• Zeolite (for buffering)

• Lava or pumice (for airflow)

• LECA (for root anchoring)

💡 Tip: If your bag contains dust or overly fine granules, sieve before use. Flush every 3–4 weeks to prevent salt buildup.

Lava Rock – Durable Drainage & Structure

Quick Facts:

• Crushed volcanic rock, irregular and heavy

• Doesn’t wick or compact

• Used to improve drainage and root stability

✓ Why It Works:

Lava rock offers maximum airflow, structural longevity, and zero breakdown — perfect for base layers or coarse blends that resist overwatering.

✗ Limitations:

It doesn’t wick at all, and the jagged texture can damage soft roots if used alone. Often needs to be combined with finer media to function in passive setups.

➝ Best For:

• Base layer in deep self-watering pots

• Orchids, jungle succulents, and semi-epiphytic plants

• Heavy plants that need anchoring

+ Pairs Well With:

• Seramis or zeolite to carry moisture

• Pumice or LECA for transitional layering

• Net pots or mesh inserts for drainage control

💡 Tip: Always rinse thoroughly — lava often comes with fine particles that clog air pockets.

Perlite – Lightweight Aeration Booster

Quick Facts:

• Lifespan: ⚠️ Short-Term

• Expanded volcanic glass (white, ultra-light)

• Inert, sterile, and commonly used in propagation and soil-free blends

✓ Why It Works:

Perlite is excellent for oxygenation. It loosens dense mixes, increases airflow, and reduces the risk of compaction — especially useful near the root crown.

✗ Limitations:

Low CEC, poor moisture retention, and tendency to float. It crumbles with reuse and compresses easily when overwatered. Not suitable as a base material in passive hydro systems.

➝ Where It Shines:

• Cuttings and seedling trays

• Aeration in net pots

• Temporary blends for transition stages

+ Blends Well With:

• Vermiculite or Seramis for water retention

• LECA for structure

• Zeolite to improve buffering

💡 Tip: Unless you are very experienced, use perlite as a component, not a standalone medium — and don’t expect it to wick or support long-term hydration.

Vermiculite – High-Moisture Mineral with Buffers

Quick Facts:

• Lifespan: ❌ One-Time Use

• Expanded mica with accordion-like texture

• Excellent at holding both water and minerals

✓ Why It Works:

Vermiculite acts as a capillary anchor, soaking up water and slowly releasing it. It’s gentle on roots, especially during propagation or in humidity-focused zones.

✗ Limitations:

Breaks down quickly, compresses under its own weight, and goes anaerobic if overused. Should be used only in short-term or highly porous blends.

➝ Ideal Uses:

• Cuttings, seedlings, early-stage propagation

• Temporary hydration in dry rooms

• Boosting moisture in upper substrate layers

+ Pair With:

• Perlite to counteract compaction

• LECA for structure

• Zeolite to add nutrient buffering

💡 Tip: Stick to 10–20% of your total mix. Vermiculite adds water retention — but at the cost of longevity.

Rockwool – Controlled Wicking for Propagation

Quick Facts:

• Lifespan: ❌ One-Time Use

• Melted stone spun into fibrous cubes or slabs

• Used extensively for cloning, cuttings, and germination

✓ Why It Works:

Rockwool offers uniform wicking, near-perfect root access to moisture, and very high porosity. Its fibrous structure creates an ideal propagation zone.

✗ Limitations:

Non-reusable. Prone to breakdown, compaction, and pathogen growth if reused. Requires pH pre-conditioning (pH ~5.5) before use.

➝ Best For:

• Cuttings, especially Hoya, Pothos, or Alocasia

• First-stage propagation before transplant

• Net pots in high-humidity enclosures

+ Blends With:

• LECA or perlite after transfer

• Silica stone for display pots

• Net pots with passive watering

💡 Tip: Never reuse Rockwool. Dispose after one use to avoid bacterial or fungal buildup.

🌱 Looking for a Reusable Alternative? Try RFX-1 Mapito

RFX-1 Mapito is a soilless blend of shredded polyurethane foam and stone wool flakes, designed for hydroponic setups and semi-hydroponic plant care. Unlike single-use Rockwool, Mapito is reusable with proper sterilization. It retains moisture exceptionally well while allowing high air exchange, making it suitable for rooting cuttings and supporting mature plants in inert systems.

➝ RFX-1 Mapito is Ideal For:

• Semi-hydro or passive hydro systems with frequent nutrient cycles

• Rooted cuttings transitioning from Rockwool cubes

• Plants sensitive to overwatering but needing consistent moisture

💡 Tip: Always rinse and sterilize Mapito between uses to prevent salt buildup or microbial growth. Combine with net pots and a reservoir system for best results.

Silica Stone – Decorative, Inert Structural Media

Quick Facts:

• Lifespan: ✅ Long-Term

• Rounded silicon dioxide pebbles, highly inert

• Clean, pH-stable, and structurally strong

✓ Why It Works:

Silica stone provides long-term support and drainage without affecting water chemistry. Great for root anchoring, net pots, or visual appeal in decorative blends.

✗ Limitations:

Zero water retention, zero wicking. Should never be used as a primary substrate in passive hydration setups.

➝ Use In:

• Top dressing in LECA or Pon-style mixes

• Root support for heavy or trailing plants

• Semi-hydro blends where aesthetics matter

+ Best Paired With:

• Seramis or zeolite for internal moisture

• Lava rock or LECA for base drainage

• Diatomite or perlite to prevent dry pockets

💡 Tip :Use no more than 30% — Silica stone stabilizes and looks great, but adds nothing to hydration.

Diatomite – Sponge-Like Silica Additive

Quick Facts:

• Lifespan: ⚠️ Short-Term (6–12 months)

• Fossilized diatoms with internal porosity

• Absorbs and slowly releases water

✓ Why It Works:

Diatomite holds water within its structure, providing slow, even hydration. It softens rough mixes, anchors roots, and prevents sudden drying in shallow pots.

✗ Limitations:

Breaks down with time — especially if using raw, non-pressed granules. Becomes mushy if overused or allowed to stay constantly wet.

➝ Best Uses:

• Mid-layer in Pon or LECA mixes

• Blending with lava or shale for softening

• Wicking aid in setups without Seramis

+ Blends Well With:

• Zeolite (for buffering)

• Pumice or perlite (for drainage)

• LECA or expanded shale (for base structure)

💡 Tip: Use no more than 20% of your mix. Choose pressed diatomite pellets for better structural longevity.

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Lesser-Used or Specialty Substrates in Semi-Hydroponics

Substrate	Lifespan	Core Traits	Ideal Uses	Watch Out For	Passive Hydro Suitability
Expanded Shale	✅ Long-Term	Heavy, porous, pH-neutral; non-wicking but very stable	Bottom layers in tall pots; stabilizing top-heavy or climbing plants	No moisture retention on its own; best used in blends	✅ Yes (as drainage base)
Turface	✅ Long-Term	Hard-fired clay aggregate; gritty and mildly absorbent; doesn’t break down	Bonsai-style gritty mixes; non-capillary blends with zeolite or lava rock	Doesn’t wick; low CEC; feels dry fast; avoid in small pots unless paired with wicking material	❌ Not alone
Akadama	⚠️ Short-Term	Soft-fired clay; porous but structurally fragile when wet	Epiphytic orchids, bonsai in shallow trays, or short-cycle terrarium use	Breaks down in 6–12 months; compacts in saturated systems	⚠️ Only short-term
Growstones	⚠️ Short-Term	Recycled glass foam; airy, porous, lightweight alternative to perlite	Propagation trays, shallow pots, DIY Pon-style blends	Rarely available; fragile; surface algae in warm, wet setups	⚠️ With drainage layer
Rare Additives	⚠️ Varies	Crushed brick, rice hulls, sand, unglazed ceramics, bonsai grit	Micro-blending, top-dressing, or extreme customization	Highly inconsistent behavior; check for pH, durability, and whether they leach minerals	⚠️ Case-by-case

💡 Notes & Tips

• Expanded Shale is ideal as a non-floating drainage layer beneath LECA or Seramis — especially helpful in tall cachepots.

• Turface is great for open-top mineral blends or bonsai-style care, but performs poorly in closed self-watering systems.

• Akadama offers soft wicking and texture but degrades fast — excellent for short-term propagation or aesthetic projects.

• Growstones are a sustainable, short-term perlite alternative, but hard to find and fragile when reused.

• Rare additives like crushed brick or rice hulls are highly situational. Best used in experimental mixes where you're managing airflow and aesthetics manually, not via passive hydration.

LECA — lightweight expanded clay aggregate — is one of the most widely used inert substrates in passive hydroponic setups.

How to Choose the Right Substrate for Your Plant (and Setup)

Choosing the right substrate for semi-hydroponics isn’t about finding a universal formula. It’s about combining materials based on your plant’s root structure, environment, pot type, and growth stage — all of which affect how water, air, and nutrients behave in the container.

1. Match Substrate to Root Type

Root structure determines how much airflow and moisture your plant needs.

Root Type	Substrate Needs	Ideal Pairings
Thick aerial roots (Aroids, Hoyas)	Fast-draining, coarse structure	LECA, pumice, lava + zeolite or Seramis buffer
Fine roots (Calathea, ferns)	Consistent moisture, low compaction	Seramis, vermiculite + LECA or perlite
Epiphytic roots (Orchids, Rhipsalis)	High airflow, minimal retention	Lava, pumice, light buffer (Seramis or zeolite)
Water-sensitive roots (Alocasia, Anthurium seedlings)	Stable hydration + buffering	Seramis, zeolite, light LECA blend (avoid sharp lava)

Root physiology changes depending on substrate porosity and water availability. Tomato plants, for example, showed measurable differences in chlorophyll levels and fruit quality across pumice vs. coco mixes (Jankauskienė et al., 2015).

2. Adjust for Room Conditions

Room humidity, temperature, and airflow directly influence drying speed.

Environment	Substrate Strategy
Dry air, active ventilation	Add retention (Seramis, vermiculite)
High humidity, low air movement	Focus on drainage (pumice, lava, coarse LECA)
Cool temps / low light	Use faster-drying mixes (avoid heavy Seramis)
Bright, fast-growing setups	Increase buffering (zeolite, layered hydration)

3. Build Around Pot Style

Your pot’s shape, drainage, and depth control how well capillarity and airflow work.

Pot Type	Substrate Advice
Shallow net pot	Balanced, fine-grain mix (LECA + Seramis + zeolite)
Tall cachepot (15+ cm)	Bottom layer: lava or expanded shale; mid-layer: wicking media
Closed decorative pot	Light, airy mix; avoid vermiculite or compacting additives
Transparent prop cup	Use LECA + Seramis or perlite; avoid anything sharp or heavy

LECA alone wicks ~5–6 cm max. In tall pots, add a mid-layer wicking substrate (like Seramis) or insert a vertical wick from the reservoir to the root zone.

Seramis: porous clay granules that wick moisture efficiently — especially helpful for young or moisture-sensitive roots.

4. Adapt to Growth Stage

Your substrate needs evolve as your plant matures.

Plant Stage	Recommended Media
Cuttings & tiny root props	Seramis + perlite or vermiculite; avoid coarse media
Juvenile (1–2 leaves)	Light mix: LECA + Seramis + small zeolite
Mature, fast-growing	LECA + zeolite + pumice or lava for structure and balance
Slow-growing collectors	Airy mix: pumice + silica + mild buffer (zeolite or Seramis)

5. Core Mixing Guidelines

• Stick to 3–4 core ingredients per mix. Over-mixing creates unpredictable hydration and uneven root development.

• Never combine non-wicking + non-buffering media alone (e.g. pumice + lava) unless you top-water regularly.

• Use LECA or pumice for structure

• Add Seramis or vermiculite for capillarity

• Include zeolite for nutrient buffering

• Use lava rock or expanded shale as base layers for stability

Example Mixes:

For a Monstera in a 12 cm cachepot:

• 50% LECA

• 20% zeolite

• 20% Seramis

• 10% pumice (top layer)

For a Calathea in a closed decorative pot:

• 40% Seramis

• 25% vermiculite

• 20% LECA

• 15% perlite (to increase porosity)

or a jungle cactus in a hanging net pot:

• 40% pumice

• 30% lava

• 20% silica stone

• 10% Seramis (as mid-layer wick)

Smart blending: combining complementary inert media improves drainage, retention, and long-term structural stability.

Mixing Strategies – How to Build Blends that Work Together Long-Term

Choosing the right materials is only half the equation. To get consistent results, you need a mix that forms a stable system — one that balances hydration, oxygen, nutrients, and structure over time.

This section shows you how to create functional blends that work with your setup and plant type — not against them.

1. Think in Functions, Not Just Ingredients

Instead of asking “how much LECA?”, ask “what’s this part of the mix doing?”

Function	What You Add	Why It Matters
Structure	LECA, pumice, expanded shale	Maintains airflow, resists compaction
Wicking	Seramis, vermiculite, fine LECA	Moves water from reservoir upward to roots
Nutrient buffering	Zeolite, akadama, Seramis	Prevents rapid nutrient leaching; feeds roots evenly
Moisture retention	Vermiculite, Seramis, diatomite (short-term)	Helps in dry rooms; smooths out drying cycles
Anchoring	Lava rock, silica stone, LECA	Stabilizes root mass; supports upright or trailing growth

💡 Strong blends usually cover at least three of the five core functions.

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2. Use Layering Logic — Especially in Cachepots

In passive systems, water settles low and dries high. A good substrate should manage this vertically:

Basic Layout for Cachepots (12–16 cm):

• Bottom Layer (20–30%): Lava rock, expanded shale, or coarse LECA→ Prevents stagnation near reservoir; promotes drainage

• Middle Layer (40–50%): LECA + zeolite + Seramis→ Main root zone; balances hydration, air, and nutrients

• Top Layer (10–20%): Pumice or fine perlite→ Boosts airflow, speeds surface drying, reduces algae

💡 Pumice helps keep the surface dry but does not wick. If your plant’s roots reach near the surface, include a moisture-retentive additive (like Seramis) in the top 5–6 cm.

Pumice adds structure and porosity — but without balance, even good aeration can become excess.

3. Balance, Don’t Overbuild

If your mix...	Then do this...
Dries too fast	Add more Seramis or vermiculite — but max 30–40% total
Stays soggy near the base	Increase drainage layer or reduce wicking material in middle zone
Nutrients leach quickly	Add 10–20% zeolite to middle layer
Mix compacts or sludges	Cut back fine additives; increase LECA or pumice
Algae appears on top	Add pumice or perlite as a dry cap; shield surface from light

💡 Avoid combining only dry, non-wicking media (e.g. pumice + lava) unless you’re top-watering frequently. Without capillarity, passive systems won’t function properly.

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4. Modular Blend Templates

Aroid + net pot combo (e.g. Monstera, Philodendron):

• 50% LECA

• 25% zeolite

• 15% Seramis

• 10% pumice

Moisture-loving tropicals (e.g. Calathea, ferns, Alocasia):

• 40% Seramis

• 25% LECA

• 20% vermiculite

• 15% zeolite

Epiphytic cactus or orchid mix:

• 40% pumice

• 30% lava

• 20% silica stone

• 10% Seramis (as mid-layer wick)

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5. Test Your Mix Before Committing

Before planting, test your blend in a clear container or net pot to check behavior:

• Water from below — watch how high the mix wicks after 12 hours

• Check if moisture evenly distributes or pools

• Squeeze a dry handful — it should be loose and airy, not sticky

• Let it dry fully, then rewet to confirm re-wettability

  
  

💡 If it doesn’t wick, doesn’t rewet, or clogs airflow — it’s not semi-hydro. It’s just wet filler.

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Environmental Impact – Sustainability of Inert Substrates

Not all substrates are created equal when it comes to their environmental footprint. While inert materials are valued for being reusable and stable, the story doesn’t end at your pot. From resource extraction to energy use and end-of-life handling, each medium comes with trade-offs worth considering — especially if sustainability matters to you.

How Green Is Your Substrate?

Let’s break it down by lifecycle stages:

• LECA (expanded clay aggregate): Kiln-fired at over 1,000°C, LECA production is highly energy-intensive and generates significant emissions. While long-lasting and reusable, its environmental cost lies in manufacturing and transport weight.

  ➜ Best used where reuse is guaranteed and lightweight transport is needed.

  
  

• Perlite & Vermiculite: Both are mined volcanic minerals that require heating at 800–1,000°C to expand. Perlite is inert and reusable but tends to break down faster in wicking setups. Vermiculite decomposes within months in passive hydro.

  ➜ High energy input and single-use tendency make them less ideal from a sustainability view.

  
  

• Rockwool: Spun from molten rock fibers, rockwool has one of the highest manufacturing impacts among hydroponic substrates. It's non-biodegradable and hard to recycle — often ending up in landfills.

  ➜ Use only in cases where root hygiene and propagation precision are essential.

  
  

• Pumice & Lava Rock: Naturally occurring and minimally processed, these are some of the most environmentally benign options. They last decades, don’t leach, and can be sterilized without degrading. Transport impact is their main downside, due to weight.

  ➜ Ideal for long-term setups and users prioritizing durability over lightness.

  
  

• Zeolite & Akadama: Mined minerals with moderate processing requirements. Zeolite binds nutrients and toxins, making it a passive hydro favorite, though overuse can reduce cation exchange capacity. Akadama breaks down over time and isn’t reusable.

  ➜ Zeolite is a strong sustainability pick; akadama less so due to degradation.

  
  

• Mapito (rockwool + PE foam mix): Non-natural, non-biodegradable, and difficult to separate. While it supports great root growth, disposal is problematic.

  ➜ Not suitable for eco-conscious setups unless reused long-term.

Compared to rockwool, pumice offers better long-term porosity and environmental compatibility, while avoiding salt retention issues (Gunnlaugsson & Adalsteinsson, 1995).

📌 Practical Sustainability Tips

• Mix wisely: Combine durable materials like pumice or lava with more short-term options like perlite or vermiculite to balance sustainability and function.

  
  

• Avoid disposables: Skip rockwool plugs unless absolutely necessary. Use modular inserts or reusable net pots instead.

  
  

• Source smart: Choose regionally available substrates when possible. German-sourced pumice has a lower footprint in the EU than imported LECA.

  
  

• Clean and reuse: Most inert substrates can be sterilized with boiling water, diluted peroxide, or vinegar rinses. Avoid dumping usable media.

💡Real-World Insight

According to Fussy & Papenbrock (2022) and Vinci et al. (2019), many hydroponic systems overlook the cumulative energy, material waste, and end-of-life handling of substrates. High-performance doesn’t have to mean high impact — but only if users remain aware of what’s under their plants.

Wick-based self-watering systems work best when substrates and pot layering support capillary flow and oxygen access.

Pot Setup, Layering, and Wick Optimization

Even the best substrate mix will underperform in the wrong container. Semi-hydroponics depends on a system where gravity, wicking, oxygen, and structure all support each other. This section walks you through assembling a pot that delivers stable hydration, airflow, and long-term root health.

1. Choose the Right Container Type

Your pot needs to do three things:

• Hold water below the roots

• Allow moisture to rise through capillary action

• Let excess air escape

  
  

Container Type	Semi-Hydro Suitable?	Notes
Net pots / orchid baskets	✅ Yes	High airflow; ideal inside cachepots
Closed cachepots	✅ Yes (with layering)	Best for passive hydration; needs vertical structure
Transparent cups	✅ Yes (short-term)	Great for testing wicking and root zone behavior
Nursery pots with holes	⚠️ Only with conversion	Not passive unless paired with a reservoir insert
Double pots / wick systems	✅ Yes	Use mesh insert and outer water-holding layer

💡 Always maintain at least 2–3 cm of free space below the root zone to form the reservoir.

2. Layer Your Pot From the Ground Up

A properly layered pot prevents root rot, maintains airflow, and delivers water where it’s needed — no matter how deep or shallow the container.

Layering Template for Net Pot in Cachepot:

1. Reservoir space (2–4 cm)→ Open zone at the base for water storage

2. Drainage layer (lava rock, expanded shale, coarse LECA)→ Prevents saturation at the bottom and supports air entry

3. Root zone mix (your active blend: LECA + Seramis + zeolite, etc.)→ Balanced layer with moisture, air, and nutrients

4. Top layer (pumice or perlite)→ Prevents algae, boosts airflow, and improves surface drying

   
   

💡 Leave 1–2 cm clearance from substrate to rim for flushing and water level changes.

A basic wick system — effective, scalable, and a perfect match for well-structured inert substrates.

3. Wick Wisely (When and How)

Not all mixes wick well on their own — especially those with LECA, pumice, or lava. A wick bridges the reservoir and root zone when capillarity alone isn't enough.

✓ Add a wick if:

• You’re using LECA or pumice as your main substrate

• The pot is deeper than 12 cm

• Roots dry out while the bottom stays moist

• The top layer stays bone dry despite full reservoir

Use materials like:

• Polyester cord, microfiber cloth, mesh strips, or clean shoelaces

• Non-rotting, water-absorbent, and long enough to span pot height

Proper wick placement:

Insert one or two wicks vertically from the reservoir up into the center of the root zone, reaching within 2–3 cm of the base of the stem.

✗ Skip the wick if:

• You’re using a shallow pot under 10 cm deep

• The mix is already 40–60% capillary media (e.g. Seramis, vermiculite)

• Water rises evenly through substrate in 6–12 hours without aid

  
  

💡 Wick maintenance tip: Check every 2–3 months for mineral crusts or algae buildup. Replace if wicking slows down or stagnates.

Capillary systems—such as wick irrigation—have been shown to reduce water waste and improve root-zone consistency, particularly in container-grown ornamentals (Semananda et al., 2018).

4. Common Setup Mistakes (and How to Fix Them)

Mistake	Result	Fix
No reservoir below roots	Oversaturation, poor airflow	Raise root zone above reservoir with a drainage layer
Dense top layer (e.g. wet vermiculite)	Algae, fungus, trapped air	Use a dry cap like pumice or perlite
Poor wicking in tall pot	Dry top layer, stalled growth	Insert vertical wick or use mid-layer capillary substrate
Roots sitting in saturated zone	Root rot, stunted growth	Raise plant, add buffering layer between roots and water line

📌 Pro Setup Tips

• Use clear inserts or test cups for new blends — observe where moisture rises, where it doesn’t

• Rotate plant orientation every few days to promote even root development

• For pots over 15 cm deep, use 2+ vertical wicks to avoid uneven hydration

• Never let fine roots sit directly on saturated LECA — always buffer with lava, pumice, or coarse blend

Curious how to take the guesswork out of watering altogether?

Many semi-hydro growers use self-watering pots to maintain consistent moisture and oxygen balance—especially when paired with wickable substrates like pon or fine-grade pumice. Check out our complete guide to self-watering pots for houseplants and learn how to automate hydration without compromising root health.

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Common Problems and How to Fix Them

Even a well-planned semi-hydro setup can hit snags. These systems depend on balance — when oxygen, moisture, nutrients, and root health fall out of sync, symptoms appear fast. Here’s how to read them correctly, fix them efficiently, and avoid unnecessary repotting.

1. Diagnosing Issues the Smart Way

Start with this rapid check:

• Is the reservoir full or dry?

• Is the substrate evenly moist throughout?

• Are the roots firm, white, or light brown — or soft and dark?

• Is the wick still drawing water?

• Are new leaves smaller, slower, or misshapen?

  
  

💡 Not all above-ground symptoms are about watering — capillary flow, nutrient buffering, or pot structure could be the issue.

2. Most Common Semi-Hydro Failures — and Their Fixes

Problem	What You’ll Notice	Likely Cause	What to Do
Root rot	Mushy, dark roots; yellowing or limp leaves	Stagnation, no oxygen flow at base	Raise plant in pot, improve drainage layer, reduce compacting materials
Dry top layer, wilting leaves	Upper roots drying out while base is moist	No wick, weak capillarity, tall pot	Insert wick, or swap top 5–7 cm with Seramis or fine wicking media
Stalled growth	No leaf or root activity; pale new leaves	Nutrient leaching, lockout, or pH drift	Add zeolite, check EC/pH, reduce flushing frequency
Algae on surface	Green film, gnats, sour smell	Light + constantly wet top layer	Add dry top layer (pumice or perlite); reduce surface light exposure
Substrate smells musty/sour	Odor, root dullness, low oxygen	Anaerobic zone at base	Flush with clean water; optionally add diluted hydrogen peroxide (1:10)
Nutrients leaching too fast	Chlorosis between feedings	Inert mix (e.g. pure LECA) with no CEC	Add 10–20% zeolite or Seramis; use buffered fertilizer with micros

❌ Common Misdiagnosis to Avoid:

Don’t repot just because leaves are drooping.If roots look fine, substrate is clean, and the top is dry: it’s likely a wicking issue, not rot. Fix the moisture flow — not the whole pot.

3. Simple Flush & Reset Protocol

Use this when the mix smells off, growth stalls, or you’re unsure what’s wrong.

• Empty the reservoir

• Flush from the top with clean, room-temperature water (dechlorinated if possible)

• Let the pot drain fully

• Resume feeding with 50–70% strength nutrients

• Check moisture zones and root response over the next 7 days

  
  

If problems persist, repeat flush every 2–3 weeks until stability returns.

4. Routine Maintenance That Prevents Issues

Task	Frequency	Why It Matters
Reservoir flush	Every 2–4 weeks	Removes salts, stagnant water, and minor buildup
Wick inspection	Every 2–3 months	Wicks can clog, rot, or slow down — replace if needed
Top layer refresh	Every 4–6 months	Prevents algae, gnats, and surface compaction
Substrate rinse	Every 6–12 months	Flushes long-term buildup from reusable materials
pH spot-check (if needed)	Monthly (optional)	Especially for rare plants, sensitive species, or poor growth

5. When to Repot — And When Not To

Situation	Adjustment Only?	Full Repot Needed?	What to Do
Mix is clean and still draining	✅ Yes	❌ No	Modify layers, flush, or top-layer swap
Roots are mushy or blackened	❌ No	✅ Yes	Remove plant, sterilize tools, restart with fresh, breathable mix
Growth stalls but roots are healthy	✅ Yes	❌ No	Check feed/pH/light; add buffer or wick — avoid full teardown
Sludge or collapsed media visible	⚠️ Maybe	✅ Yes	Replace degraded materials (e.g. vermiculite or old Seramis)

Rockwool supports strong root development but breaks down over time and is practically impossible to recycle— knowing when to replace matters, but while considering the environmental impact.

Substrate Lifespan & When to Replace or Reuse Media

Inert doesn’t always mean permanent. While some materials last for years with just a rinse, others collapse, compact, or clog airflow after a few months. This section shows you how long each substrate holds up, how to clean it, and how to know when to refresh, replace, or partially rebuild your pot.

1. How Long Does Each Substrate Last?

Substrate	Lifespan	Notes
LECA	✅ 3–5+ years	Rinse regularly; reusable long-term with minor maintenance
Lava rock	✅ 5+ years	Fully inert; rinse and reuse indefinitely
Pumice	✅ 3–5 years	Long-lasting; may accumulate salts — rinse between uses
Zeolite	✅ 3–5 years	Buffers nutrients; recharges during feeding
Turface, shale	✅ 3–10 years	Structurally stable; ideal for reuse
Seramis	⚠️ 6–18 months	Slowly breaks down when constantly saturated
Perlite	⚠️ 6–12 months	Crumbles over time; inspect texture before reuse
Diatomite	⚠️ 6–12 months	Grade-dependent — kiln-fired pellets last longer than raw granules
Vermiculite	❌ 3–6 months	Compacts and loses air porosity quickly
Akadama	❌ 6–12 months	Breaks down with moisture; avoid reuse
Rockwool	❌ One-time use	Never reuse — prone to bacterial buildup after use
RFX-1 Mapito	✅ 1–2 years	Reusable if sterilized; rinse well between uses to prevent pathogen buildup

💡 If a substrate crumbles when dry, stays soggy for days, or smells sour even after rinsing, it’s past its lifespan.

Long-term use of vermiculite leads to cation depletion and crumbling, as confirmed by structural analyses after extended hydroponic cycles (Kremenetskaya et al., 2020).

Mapito can be reused if roots stay healthy and structure holds — but even inert blends need periodic refresh.

2. When to Refresh vs. Replace Completely

Condition	Action Needed	Why
Mix still drains and breathes	✅ Keep + rinse	No action needed beyond flushing and feeding
Slight salt crust or dryness imbalance	⚠️ Refresh top or mid-layer	Scoop and replace 3–5 cm of affected zone
Sludge or mud at the base	❌ Replace fully	Indicates media collapse or anaerobic conditions
Airflow blocked by fines	❌ Replace or sieve	Prevents oxygen from reaching root zone

3. Cleaning Reusable Substrates Properly

For LECA, lava, pumice, zeolite, and expanded shale:

1. Rinse thoroughly to remove dust, roots, and organic debris

2. Soak for 1–2 hours in diluted solution:

   1. Hydrogen peroxide (1:10) – for odor or microbial issues

   2. Vinegar (1:10) – to dissolve surface salts or mineral crusts

3. Rinse again until water runs clear

4. Let dry completely before storing or reusing

5. (Optional) Boil LECA or lava for sensitive species or after disease

   
   

💡 Maintenance tip: Even if you don’t repot, flush the substrate in-place every 4–6 months to clear fine buildup and reset airflow.

4. Mid-Layer Failure: The Silent Problem

Sometimes a plant slows down not because it's outgrown the pot — but because its middle layer has collapsed.

Watch for:

• Roots avoiding the center of the pot

• Water pooling or draining unevenly

• Sudden wilting despite a full reservoir

• Sediment or muddy slurry during flushes

Instead of a full repot:

• Remove the top layer carefully

• Use a chopstick or stake to remove collapsed mid-layer

• Slide in fresh LECA, pumice, or zeolite to rebuild structure

• Replace top layer, water thoroughly, and monitor root response

💡 Seramis, vermiculite, and diatomite are most prone to this over time — check blends after ~6–12 months.

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Final Summary, Quick Reference Tables & Practical Tips

You’ve now built a complete understanding of how semi-hydro substrates function — from material selection to mix design, pot setup, troubleshooting, and long-term care. This section gathers everything into one clear reference point: essential principles, fast-access tables, and realistic care strategies.

1. Core Principles That Actually Matter

Principle	What It Means in Practice
Capillarity is non-negotiable	If your mix doesn’t wick, it fails — add a wick or change your blend
Oxygen is as critical as water	Wet roots still need air — structure prevents suffocation
Lifespan varies widely	Don’t expect Seramis to last like LECA — plan your blends accordingly
Wicking ≠ drainage	Self-watering ≠ soaked — it means controlled hydration
Less is more	Stick to 3–4 components — beyond that, results get unpredictable
Flush before panic	Most issues resolve with a reset flush and wick adjustment

2. Functional Role Table: What Each Substrate Actually Does

Function	Reliable Substrates
Structure	LECA, pumice, lava, expanded shale, RFX-1 Mapito
Wicking	Seramis, vermiculite, fine LECA, diatomite (short-term), RFX-1 Mapito
Buffering	Zeolite, Seramis, akadama
Retention	Vermiculite, Seramis, diatomite, RFX-1 Mapito
Anchoring	Lava rock, silica stone, coarse LECA, RFX-1 Mapito

3. When to Replace Substrates — Cheat Sheet

Replace If…	Keep/Refresh If…
It sludges, stays soggy, or smells even after flushing	Substrate is still granular, breathable, and draining well
Water pools unevenly or doesn’t wick upward	Capillarity is functional and reservoir drains within 3–5 days
Roots avoid mid-zone or pot drains poorly	Roots are visible in all layers and growth continues steadily

There’s no single best mix — real success comes from adjusting media ratios to plant type, container, and care routine.

4. Real-World Tips for Staying Ahead:

• Flush reservoirs every 2–4 weeks to prevent buildup

• Check wicks monthly — replace if stiff, crusty, or slimy

• Use clear cups or mesh inserts when testing new blends

• Label your experimental mixes with ratios to track success

• Don’t assume surface moisture = success — always check depth

• Rotate pots quarterly to encourage even root development

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Final Thought

Semi-hydroponics isn’t about chasing the perfect substrate. It’s about building a repeatable system that balances hydration, airflow, and nutrition without constant guesswork. Once you understand how your materials interact, care gets simpler — and plants respond with clarity, not mystery.

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Sources and Further Reading: Inert Substrates in Semi-Hydroponic Systems

1. Hartmann, H. T., Kester, D. E., Davies, F. T., & Geneve, R. L. (2018). Hartmann & Kester's Plant Propagation: Principles and Practices (9th ed.). Pearson.

   Classic textbook recommending inert media for rooting due to moisture/aeration balance.

   https://archive.org/details/PlantPropagationPrinciplesAndPacticesByHartmannAndKesters8thEdition

   
   

2. Industrieverband Gartenbau (IVG) e.V. (n.d.). Kultursubstrate und Blumenerden – Eigenschaften, Ausgangsstoffe, Verwendung.

   A comprehensive guide detailing the properties, raw materials, and applications of horticultural substrates and potting soils, adhering to RAL-GZ 250 standards.

   https://substratbuch.ivg.org/static/flipbook/flipbook.html#p=1

   
   

3. Fussy, A., & Papenbrock, J. (2022). An overview of soil and soilless cultivation techniques—Chances, challenges, and the neglected question of sustainability.Plants, 11(9), 1153.

   This review compares soil-based and soilless cultivation methods, highlighting sustainability aspects and the potential of soilless systems in urban agriculture.

   https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11091153

   
   

4. Awad, Y. M., Lee, S.-E., Ahmed, M. B. M., Vu, N. T., Farooq, M., Kim, I. S., ... & Ok, Y. S. (2017). Biochar, a potential hydroponic growth substrate, enhances the nutritional status and growth of leafy vegetables.Journal of Cleaner Production, 156, 581–588.

   This study demonstrates that incorporating biochar into hydroponic systems can significantly improve the nutritional status and growth of leafy vegetables.

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.04.070

   
   

5. Patil, S. T., Kadam, U. S., Mane, M. S., & Mahale, D. (2020). Hydroponic Growth Media (Substrate): A Review.International Research Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 21(23), 106–113.

   This review summarizes various hydroponic substrates, discussing their properties, advantages, and limitations in soilless cultivation.

   https://doi.org/10.9734/IRJPAC/2020/V21I2330307

   
   

6. Méndez, B., Vera Reyes, I., Cárdenas-Flores, A., & De los Santos, G. (2018). Water holding capacity of substrates containing zeolite and its effect on growth, biomass production, and chlorophyll content of Solanum lycopersicum Mill.Nova Scientia, 10(21), 45–60.

   The research demonstrates that adding zeolite to substrates enhances water retention and positively impacts tomato plant growth and chlorophyll content.

   https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326669578

   
   

7. Li, C., Dong, Y., Lei, Y., & Wu, D. (2015). Removal of low concentration nutrients in hydroponic wetlands integrated with zeolite and calcium silicate hydrate functional substrates.Ecological Engineering, 82, 442–450.

   The study assesses the effectiveness of zeolite and calcium silicate hydrate substrates in removing nutrients from hydroponic wastewater.

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2015.05.003

   
   

8. Jankauskienė, J., Brazaitytė, A., & Viškelis, P. (2015). Effect of Different Growing Substrates on Physiological Processes, Productivity, and Quality of Tomato in Soilless Culture.In Soilless Culture - Use of Substrates for the Production of Quality Horticultural Crops (pp. 99–124).

   This chapter explores how various substrates affect tomato plant physiology, yield, and fruit quality in soilless cultivation systems.

   https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300913448

   
   

9. Gholamhoseini, M., Habibzadeh, F., Ataei, R., Hemmati, P., & Ebrahimian, E. (2018).

   Zeolite and hydrogel improve yield of greenhouse cucumber in soil-less medium under water limitation.Rhizosphere, 6, 7–10.

   The research indicates that combining zeolite and hydrogel in soilless media enhances cucumber yield, especially under water-limited conditions.

   https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2018.01.006

   
   

10. Marinou, E., Chrysargyris, A., & Tzortzakis, N. (2013). Use of sawdust, coco soil, and pumice in hydroponically grown strawberry.Plant, Soil and Environment, 59(10), 452–457.

    This study evaluates the effectiveness of various substrates, including sawdust, coco soil, and pumice, in hydroponic strawberry cultivation.

    https://doi.org/10.17221/297/2013-PSE

    
    

11. Zhao, R., Sofkova-Bobcheva, S., Cartmill, D. L., & Hardy, D. J. (2024). Comparative evaluation of pumice as a soilless substrate for indoor Rubus idaeus L. cultivation.New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 52(3), 1–18.

    This research compares pumice with other substrates for indoor cultivation of Rubus idaeus L., highlighting its suitability in soilless systems.

    https://doi.org/10.1080/01140671.2024.2358885

    
    

12. Gunnlaugsson, B., & Adalsteinsson, S. (1995). Pumice as environment-friendly substrate – A comparison with rockwool.Acta Horticulturae, 401, 131–136.

    This study compares the environmental impact and effectiveness of pumice versus rockwool as substrates in horticultural applications.

    https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.401.15

    
    

13. Boertje, G. A. (1995). Chemical and physical characteristics of pumice as a growing medium.Acta Horticulturae, 401, 85–88.

    This paper details the chemical and physical properties of pumice, assessing its suitability as a growing medium in horticulture.

    https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.1995.401.9

    
    

14. Dannehl, D., Suhl, J., Ulrichs, C., & Schmidt, U. (2015). Evaluation of substitutes for rock wool as growing substrate for hydroponic tomato production.Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality, 88, 68–77.

    This study evaluates alternative substrates to rock wool for hydroponic tomato cultivation, focusing on yield and fruit quality.

    https://doi.org/10.5073/JABFQ.2015.088.010

    
    

15. Dubský, M., & Sramek, F. (2008). Crushed rockwool as a component of growing substrates.Acta Horticulturae, 779, 419–424.

    This paper investigates the use of crushed rockwool in growing substrates, analyzing its impact on plant growth and substrate properties.

    https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2008.779.62

    
    

16. Bougoul, S., Ruy, S., de Groot, F., & Boulard, T. (2005). Hydraulic and physical properties of stonewool substrates in horticulture.Scientia Horticulturae, 103(1), 91–103.

    This research analyzes the hydraulic and physical characteristics of stonewool substrates, providing insights into their performance in horticultural applications.

    https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2005.01.